Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. e. a and c, a. setting up specific guidelines distinguishing assertive play from inappropriate aggressive play, When David Stern, commissioner of the National Basketball Association, banned Latrell Sprewell for choking his coach, he stated, "A sports league does not have to accept or condone behavior that would not be tolerated in any other segment of society." It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. For example, an unnoticed erotic image on a Ritz cracker, Key says, makes the Ritz cracker taste even better, because all of the senses are interconnected in the brain. The problem with his argument is that another explanation for these unnoticed images already exists; we all know that were capable of finding images if we look really hard for them, simply as the products of our imagination. a. setting up specific guidelines distinguishing assertive play from inappropriate aggressive play The second premise states that the observable outcome is known to have happenedthat it has been observed. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. In the steps of the scientific method, what is the process where a scientist writes down tentative explanations or statements about what he/she expects might happen under certain conditions? Competition for food among finches on Galapagos causes the extremes in beak sizes. 16. b. trained counselors Clearly, smoking causes cancer. A theory with great explanatory power makes few assumptions, has significant predictive power and helps to reduce uncertainty in a precise and accurate way. A biologist was concerned about the environmental effects of an insecticide being used in his area to kill mosquitos that carried equine encephalitis. D. It excludes the presumption of Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. Dear Pete: Sorry, no help from this corner for a plumber who cant keep track of his pipes. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. b. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Alternative explanation that already exists. If the Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as the altitude increases, then Periers barometer reads 30 inches at 0 feet, 28.7 inches at 1,300 feet, 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, 27.2 inches at 2,800 feet, and 26.2 inches at 3,800 feet, and 25.2 inches at 4,800 feet. You note a fuzzy growth on some of the gels in your incubator. A scientific theory is supported by testable and reproducible data. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? b. athletes view aggressive acts as more appropriate in society than in the sport environment e. none of the above, b. behavior directed toward the goal of harming a person who is motivated to avoid such treatment, Smith's research concerning violence in hockey showed that There are two types of hypothesis. A colleague visited several Washington-area bookstores and slipped a small note into about 70 books . But you can still ask whether such explanations make sense, and whether they make more sense than the alternative explanations. The reduction in my colds was simply a coincidence. The lights in this old house keep flickering. 1) A complex, ordered organization consisting of one or more cells. Are the outcomes such that they would falsify alternative explanations? B. The group taking vitamin C has substantially fewer colds than the group taking the placebo. Singular explanationan explanation that is designed to apply only to a single thing or event. Slightly less oxygen means that we get tired a little sooner; slightly worn brakes stop the car a little more slowly; slightly less sunlight means the plant grows a little shorter. b. punishing all aggressive play Two kinds of theories have been proposed. correlated, but not causal. WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. This terminology is acceptable but can be misleading, since many theories are quite factual and many facts are highly theoretical.[1]. Further, we have a conceptual framework for Buffets skillthe causal mechanism makes sensefor his strategies have been widely publicized, and the small handful of others who have had the discipline to follow them have also succeeded over the long run. Web16.4 Summary of Chapter Sixteen. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions. Rabinoff claimed that this was evidence for a causeeffect relationship between TM and the weather. The logic of the argument is accordingly weak. Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. Webe. But you would have done far better to propose, Seven is not in the set. If you had been right, you not only would have confirmed your preferred even-numbers answer, but also you would have ruled out the whole-numbers alternativethereby improving the logical support for your answer. This represents the major premise of which theory? As with the first part, there are various ways of testing for this. Resist the temptation, especially when you can see that coincidence has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation. I found a Thai restaurant and now I go there for lunch every day. . Another is to ask whether it predicts the smoothest curve. WebSchedule 1 - Dictionary . Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. The researchers also monitored a drought that killed off 85 percent of the finches on an island one year. Another good way to check for an improbable outcome is to ask this: Does another explanation for this outcome already exist? Explanatory arguments typically expand our knowledge by offering a different subject matter in the conclusion. Some writers refer to this as the surprise criterion; it tests to see if you would be surprised by the outcome were you not to assume the explanation. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. Premise 1 is probably true. Never have. Suppose I have heard that vitamin C prevents colds; I dont know whether to believe it but decide its worth looking into. You never talked about him like he was a heronever made any effort to keep his memory alive with letters and pictures. But in an Oregon State University study that was replicated several times, wild frog eggs were placed in 72 cages, some with filters that let all sunlight inside except UV radiation. Epistemic probability, as explained in Chapter 9, refers to the probability of the statements truth given all relevant available evidence. How often do plumbers waste time by doing things such as drying their clothes when they can make more money by going on to another job? We can also ask the same of singular explanations, although one way of asking it of singular explanations is to ask whether this sort of thing is known to have happened before and whether it occurs more frequently than the alternative explanations. But it is possible to specify the lowest hurdle that must be cleared. And it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all. Any unfalsifiable explanation is in principle unable to satisfy the improbable-outcome criterion and can never be the conclusion of a sound explanatory argument. [1001]. The Total Evidence Condition for Explanatory Arguments. I saw the sagebrush and the grass wiggling and starting to shake, and I thought, Earthquake.. But where either species lived by itself on an island, it developed a beak in between these two extremes. It is much harder to invent an explanation that successfully predicts future observations. c. athletes have higher moral development than nonathletes d. all of the above a. fans become less aggressive after watching a sporting event In another type of distinction, some explanatory arguments are general, given that they have application to a wide range of possible observable outcomes; others are singular, in that they apply only to a specific outcome. 1 Definitions In this instrument: chronic renal failure means: (a) having a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for a period of at least 3 months; or (b) a need for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) for treatment of complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate Lack noticed that on an island shared by two species of finches, ones beak was markedly smaller than the others. The following are illustrative examples of explanatory power. , For years, scientifically trained observers dismissed voodoo death as primitive superstition. c. undesirable Life is organized on many levels within individual organisms, including atoms, cells, tissues, and organs. b. punching an umpire because he made a bad call, "Good aggression" (playing within the rules with high intensity) is known in sport psychology as, Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring, b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal, A linebacker intends to hurt and injure any receiver who catches a ball over the middle. William James was the ________. Being a plumber, I was summoned to the home of an attractive woman to repair a faulty shower nozzle that was spraying water all over her bathroom. The explanations prior probabilitythat is, its probability prior to judging whether the observable outcome is truemust not be implausibly low and it must be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. Aggression facilitates performance. It just plain disappeared. 1& 0\\ An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. The null hypothesis was a better fit to your data. It is doubtful that more than 1 in 30 is able to win five years in a row on the basis of skillthat is, the probability of succeeding for five years by skill is probably no better than the probability of doing it by chance. If the answer is yes, then the argument is at least moderately strong (assuming it has not failed the first part of the total evidence condition). . Often, however, the chronological order is reversed; the observable outcome is observed, then the explanation fashioned in response to it. As we have seen, explanations that make good sense are those for which we have an adequate conceptual frameworkfor which we have a reasonably good account of the causal mechanisms involved. A hypothesis that does not generate a testable prediction is not useful. I do take a lot of vitamin C over the winter and get only one or two colds, though I usually get three or four. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Explanatory/ Causal /Bivariate Hypothesis. The sentence A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758 is the observable outcome, that which the explanation enables us to predict and to better understand. Web16.4 Summary of Chapter Sixteen. Each of these passages discusses an explanation that might be thought to be unfalsifiable. An explanatory hypothesis is a type of hypothesis which is used to test the cause and effect relationship between two or more than two variables. Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. And in the larger world, organisms themselves are organized into many levels: populations, communities, and ecosystems within the biosphere. This is what happened with Torricellis hypothesis. Weban explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. The only difference is that Geller claims that he is not using deception. . They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. Because the observable outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations, its prior probability is far lower than the anecdotal argumentand thus the argument is logically much stronger. When he was a young lawyer, Abe Lincoln had to defend a client against a case that seemed to be strongly supported by a list of undisputed facts. When I went back to that house, the door was open and I could hear a loud argument coming from another room, so I sneaked in and quietly retrieved my pipe. Several other terms account for roughly the same thing. And so I do. c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. All of the following are elements of biological literacy EXCEPT: Having read the most important books in biology. Treatment: in a research study, any condition applied to subjects - those in the treatment group - that is not applied to subjects in a control group. Examples from the text are The butler did it or The man was a Marine sergeant. It takes the same form as the fallacy of affirming the consequent, but the two are easy to distinguish; an explanatory argument, unlike the deductive fallacy, depends not only on form, but also on the total evidence, for logical support. hypothesis? If so, then it probably has a low prior probability. First: make observations; Last: Interpret data. Step 3. Making any judgment about the explanation. Is there no other explanation of the outcome that already exists? When established scientists reject offbeat theories, defenders of such views love to cite these cases. For a fullerand fascinatingaccount of Halleys reasoning, see Ronald Giere. But the extremely high prior probability of the outcome renders the argument logically useless. Also termed a theory or an explanatory hypothesis. William James was the ________. These youngsters had, in fact, been selected at random from among their classmates. What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology? But explanatory arguments that rely heavily on mystery or that depend on the overthrow of science cannot be considered successful until they do the hard work of filling in the blanks. a. with the intent to harm physically. Bring it all together by fully clarifying and evaluating the explanatory arguments in each of these passages. What is explained in an explanatory argument; the observable outcome follows from the explanation and can in a certain way, at a certain time, and under certain conditions, be seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched. unintentional aggression. In the 17th century, the Italian mathematician Torricelli hypothesized that the Earth was surrounded by a sea of air, which decreased in pressure uniformly as the altitude increased. c. psychologically harming another individual The observable outcome must be sufficiently improbable. . How to Think about High Enough Prior Probability of Explanation. A relationship that has been established based on a large amount of observational and experimental data is: Why is it that creationism can never be accepted as a scientific explanation of the origin of life? An observable outcome for which there are fewer possible explanations is that much more improbableand, thus, is that much logically stronger. d. a and b For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken. Further, we suppose that causal mechanisms operate uniformly in the worldthat under similar circumstances they operate similarly, and that slight dissimilarities in circumstances tend to produce slight dissimilarities in the way they operate. A theory predicts events in a broad, general context; a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances. Unfortunately, there is no formula for calculating the prior probability of the observable outcome. . . Make observations. Sample answer. If you conduct an experiment that rejects your hypothesis, then. From what Ive told you, what conclusions would you draw? Instructors found that when a student pilot was scolded for a poor landing, the student usually did better the next time. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? And it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all. So, an unfalsifiable explanation fails the improbable outcome test. The leading alternative explanation is that the manager has succeeded by sheer luck. MIU had practiced TM on eight nonconsecutive days, without a miss, when the preceding days forecast predicted mild or continuing mild weather. For each of the following conclusions, create two arguments: an argument that (in normal circumstances) commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent and an explanatory argument. d. c. with the intent to harm psychologically. Then, recalling our discussion of evaluating the truth of bothand sentences in Chapter 10, the prior probability that it was both of them can be roughly understood as .10 times .10, or .01. And, though you may not find the ifthen premise, there are two things you can always expect to find if the argument is explanatory: reference to the explanation, often with a discussion of why it is better than alternative explanations; and reference to the observable outcome, often with a discussion of how unlikely that outcome would otherwise As with determining the improbability of the outcome, there is no formula for determining the probability of the explanation. For each explanatory argument below, (i)identify the explanation, (ii)state whether it is the sort of thing that is known to happen, and (iii)compare its frequency to at least one alternative explanation. If the man were a Marine sergeant, then he would have a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. The reading in Paris, at sea level, was 30 inches; at the base of the Puy-de-Dome, at 1,300 feet, it was about 28.7 inches; and at the mountains peak, at 4,800 feet, it was about 25.2 inches. Which of the following choices correctly describes a double-blind test? Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? Drug companies sometimes hire independent research laboratories to evaluate whether a drug they've discovered is effective or not in treating an illness. Exp. , Why is Tylenol the pain reliever hospitals use most? The ads imply that its better than other brands. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. Is the if-clause intended to provide a better causal understanding of the then-clause? So the scientists are wrong when they reject the paranormal, ancient astronauts, and homeopathic medicine! This is solid evidence for the existence of the so-called sophomore jinx. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. My friend was right. c. It must be directed toward a human being. An explanatory hypothesis is a type of hypothesis which is used to test the cause and effect relationship between two or more than two variables. WebThe hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions. d. fans become more aggressive under the influence of alcohol MIUs architect had said only that the decision to pour concrete was based on the construction schedule and the availability of certain materials. Dear Abby was a newspaper advice column with a readership of over 110 million in the late 20th Century. A team of researchers recently found no differences that would account for the beak variations. I have had many thousands of dreamsmost of which I have immediately forgotten, in part because they have not come true. It was a tiny dent, no larger than a nickel, on the main frame of one motorcycle moving along an assembly line that produces about 175 such vehicles every day. Explanation: the meteorite came from Mars. . A It includes the presumption of Delayed on the way west in 1846, 87 pioneers were stranded in late October by heavy snows in the Sierra. Explanatory Impotence Explanatory impotence is the opposite of explanatory power. No more mice. d. frustration WebA hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation . A theory predicts events in a broad, general context; a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances. In other words, it means that you cannot use all of the relevant available evidence in making this particular judgmentyou must exclude the assumption that the explanation is true, and you must exclude observations that might have already been made in the attempt to verify premise 2. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. The cages were then placed in the same spot where the frogs laid the eggs. Again, the two sorts are subject to the same logical standards, though we can shape our inquiry a bit differently in each case. One test is to ask whether it offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. All of these. When desperately needed money arrives mysteriously in the mail, that is support for Romans 8:28. Ask whether an outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations.

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