1) Waterlogged vs. Dehydration: The most typical reason your plant's leaves turned yellow is because of water, but it's tricky to understand whether you are over-watering or under-watering the plant.Often the leaves of plants that are under-watered will be . Unless soil nitrogen is regularly replaced through fertilizer applications, nitrogen deficiencies turn lawns and plant leaves yellow or pale green. A cross section of stem reveals a marking resembling the Greek cross, hence the common name. Dappled Sunlight (Shade through upper canopy all day), Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day), Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours), greenish, pods (to 7 long) which mature in late summer and persist into fall. 11 of the Best Birdbaths: Your Guide to Water Features for Your Feathered Friends, 11 of the Best Birdbaths: Your Guide to Water Features for Your Feathered Friends. form a strategic partnership called N.C. One of the most common causes of yellowing leaves is moisture stress. Jon VanZile was a writer for The Spruce covering houseplants and indoor gardening for almost a decade. Once damaged, roots may struggle to deliver what your plant needs. In other cases, you might notice an unusual pattern to the yellowing. Leaves turn yellow until pH issues are fixed. The crossvine climbing plant is native to the United States. It blooms on old wood so prune soon after flowering to shape and encourage new growth and later flowers. Indeed, there is little a gardener must do with the crossvine climbing plant once it is established other than prune it back from time to time, if it spreads outside its garden area. Step 1: Check for "Moisture Stress". 2. It is also drought-tolerant once established. Crossvine has no serious insect or disease problems. Let it grow and flourish. From living rooms to landscapes, plants with rich green leaves brighten your day and beautify your world. Root damage happens in many ways, from wayward shovels to root rot and other disease. One of the nutrients responsible for a plant's growth and healthy green foliage is nitrogen. Prune the vine in late winter or early spring. All trademarks are either the property of Central Garden & Pet Company, its subsidiaries, divisions, affiliated and/or related companies or the property of their respective owners. Crossvine does grow quite vigorously, but it doesnt sneak over into your entire landscape and try to take over the neighborhood like trumpet vine. Citrus with high nitrogen fertilizer like Citrus-tone. Crossvine is a woody, native vine that is tamely aggressive compared to its cousin, trumpet vine (Campsis radicans). On Mar 23, 2014, BonnieGardens from Clermont, FL (Zone 9a) wrote: Cross-vine may be propagated by root cutting or seed. Excellent small-to-medium shrubs for pollinators include weigela, rhododendron, butterfly bush (Buddleia spp. Its claim to fame comes in springtime with its generous crop of trumpet-shaped flowers in orange and yellow hues. If this is your issue, there is a clue that you can look for. Fire Risk:This plant has an extreme flammability rating and should not be planted within thedefensiblespace of your home. To fix or prevent water issues, start with porous, well-draining soil. For now, feel free to continue reading. This may be accompanied by deformed leaves and stems, as well as discolored flowers. You can water less frequently after the plant is established. Is it dry? If roots are rotten and diseased, it's time to consider a new plant. Overwatering. Step into a meditative journey and Japanese pond design based on Zen philosophy at Rajat and Lisa Agarwals garden, members of the Austin Pond Society. Select 2 to 3 pencil thick roots to clip off from both sides of the plant. Some of these links may be affiliate in nature, meaning we earn small commissions if items are purchased. It is native to the central and southern United States. This pigment is essential for photosynthesis and gives leaves their green color. This easy-to-grow woody vine a close relative of trumpet vine (Campsis radicans) clings to most any surface thanks to its twining tendrils that end in adhesive disks. When the soil doesn't drain well, an overdose of water leaves the soil waterlogged and root systems can literally drown. Keep an eye on it to see if the yellow leaves spread any further. Missouri Botanical Garden: Bignonia Capreolata, University of Florida IFAS Hillsborough County Extension: Florida-Friendly Landscaping Ideas -- Top 5 Drought-Resistant Vines, Texas AgriLife Extension Service: Crossvine (Bignonia Capreolata), National Gardening Association: Gold Medal Plants, University of California Cooperative Extension: Master Gardener Newspaper Articles Tulare/Kings Counties -- Vines, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: Bignonia Capreolata, 9 drought-tolerant plants for any outdoor space. Description Cross-vine is a vigorous vine in the Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper) family. Then most of the healthy leaves are left at the end of the vine. Habit While crossvine suckers, its roots only creep out a short distance from the base of the plant. Lasting up to four weeks, the showy orange-red, yellow or orange flowers are 2 inches long and 1-1/2 inches wide and hang in clusters of two to five flowers. You might also see blight caused by the fungus Botrytis. In the wild, it is found in swampy forests and woodlands. The original native is golden yellow with magenta center. Once that happens, nutrients become available again and green leaves are back on track. Repotting a plant that needed a new home can stress it out and result in yellowing leaves. Trumpet vine blossoms are solid yellow, yellow-orange, or red. With too little water, plants can't take up essential nutrients. The cultivar Tangerine Beauty offers the same quick growth but even brighter orange flowers. Crossvine Tangerine Beauty Bignonia capreolata Crossvine is a woody, native vine that is tamely aggressive compared to its cousin, trumpet vine ( Campsis radicans ). Once the seedling is settled in its new home, add mulch to cover the planting area, and water well. Often, the reason why basil yellows is because of temperature, light and/or airflow. You can choose not to prune and it will do just fine. Bignonia capreolata is a vine commonly referred to as crossvine. Nutrient availability changes as soil pH moves up or down the pH scale. If window light is tough to come by in your homeespecially in winteryou might need to rig up an artificial plant light or two. Does a Purple Glory Tree Die in the Frost. Crossvine is a fast, vigorous grower that can rapidly cover a vertical surface. The vine blooms in late winter to early spring on new wood in clusters of two to five flowers. Common Plant Pathogens and How to Treat Them Naturally, Corn Smut: Dealing with Devils Corn in Your Garden, Why Are My Carrots Dying? Pair cross vine with easy-to-grow perennials and shrubs and host your own backyard nectar buffet. Missouri Botanical Garden, 2020. There are several reasons why chlorosis could be occurring. The common name refers to the cross-shaped pattern revealed when the stem is cut; this pattern results from four radial wedges of phloem embedded within the stem's xylem. The soil may be salty, and coastal winds carry salt spray that lands on plants. Nitrogen, for example, moves through soil easily and leaches away. Read on for more information about Bignonia crossvine care and information about how to grow a crossvine. One crossvine cultivar, Dragon Lady (Bignonia capreolata Dragon Lady), has a higher tolerance of wet sites than the species. In addition to planting cross vine and other nectar-rich plants, you may want to upgrade your pollinator-friendly habitat by eliminating pesticide and herbicide use in your landscape. Cold drafts on tropical plants will often cause the leaves to turn yellow and drop. Cross-vineis a vigorous vine in the Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper) family. Be sure the vine is planted in well-drained soil. Tired of the low-maintenance, evergreen perennial that was a neighborhood conversation piece? Crossvine thrives in a range of soil types, including sand, loam and clay, as long as the medium drains well. Crossvine has compound leaves that are split into two parts. Uncredited photos: Shutterstock. But if your leaf problem centers on landscape plants, soil pH may be the key. However, if your trumpet vine leaf problems are severe and you notice numerous trumpet vine leaves yellowing or falling off, a little troubleshooting is in order. Pennington is a registered trademark of Pennington Seed, Inc. UltraGreen is a registered trademark of Central Garden & Pet Company. Resources for Growing & Donating Your Harvest. The crossvine is a member of the Trumpet-Creeper Family (Bignoniaceae) and has gone by other names such as Anisostichus capreolata, Doxantha capreolata, and Anisostichus crucigera.This native perennial vine is usually found in east Texas forested areas, but is also found in various places in westernmost central Texas. If you need a vine that wont grow to reach aircraft cruising altitude, consider Astrosanuinea, a cultivar with dark purplish-red flowers that only gets to be 15-30 feet tall. Cross vine thrives in full sun or part shade and moist, well-drained soil. Considered a semi-evergreen, crossvine keeps its leaves through winter, only dropping them in spring, just before putting on new ones. When you see an entirely yellow leaf, you should remove it from your plant using a sterile cutting tool. If you have brought home a new plant, wait about a week to repot it to give it time to adjust to your home. Most yellow leaves can be traced back to one of these problems: Yellow patterns on chlorotic leaves provide clues to nutrient deficiencies. If this document didn't answer your questions, please contact HGIC at hgic@clemson.edu or 1-888-656-9988. You can do this by adjusting the light intensity of your grow lights. What do yellow leaves indicate? Cultivar Tangerine Beauty is orange with yellow center. It spreads both by seedas well as by root suckers. Very hot temperatures above 90 degrees can also stress the plant and can cause leaves to turn yellow. You can store the seeds in an airtight container in the refrigerator for about a year. If you suspect nutrient deficiencies, proper fertilization and premium plant foods can help. Different plants have varied salt tolerances, and those with a low salinity threshold may not flourish along the coast. To keep it in optimal health, plant crossvine in well-draining soil. 1. In these cases, you'll need to try changing one thing at a time until you see improvement in your plant. In this video, I explain what can cause houseplant leaves to turn yellow, how to recognize and identify the issue behind leave yellowing. Plant leaves may also turn yellow if a plant is not receiving all of the nutrients it requires. How To Fix: *To fix underwatering, slowly introduce additional, smaller watering times to saturate your plant. Trim it up a bit if its encroaching on the neighbors but otherwise just leave it be! To fix or prevent water issues, start with porous, well-draining soil. Some remedies can involve fungicides, while others may require removing healthy parts and propagating. In overly wet soil, roots can't breathe. The crossvine climbing plant will also grow in partial shade, but the flower growth might be diminished. Fertilize with slow-release granular late in the month or as dormant perennials leaf out. It can reach lengths up to 40 feet, easily attracting hummingbirds and butterflies throughout the blooming season. To check how much moisture your plant is getting, press a finger about an inch into the plant's soil (don't just test . If youre looking for a quick-growing, low-maintenance, evergreen vine that will withstand heat and drought, consider crossvine. Fertilize crossvine with organic NPK 8-5-5 fertilizer early in spring before it flowers and then again after the blooms fade. Ornamental (clumping) grasses like muhly and Mexican feather grass (late month), Trees, shrubs, roses (as soon as possible before heat sets in), Nasturtiums, chives, catnip, comfrey, fennel, horseradish, feverfew, oregano, thyme, rosemary, Mexican mint marigold, peppermint, lemongrass (after last freeze), Chard, corn, cucumber, eggplant, endive, Malabar spinach, mustard, peppers, pumpkin, summer & winter squash, tomatillos (you need at least two! If this is the case, the plant should rebound as soon as temperatures moderate. Older foliage will turn yellow and often wither before it drops off. Clip in 3 to 4 inch sections. Temperature Houseplants don't like sudden temperature changes. Outdoors, compacted landscape soil inhibits water, oxygen and nutrient movement. Too Little or Too . Too much water can be just as damaging to leaves. Trumpet vine has aerial roots with disks that adhere tightly to vertical surfaces and can be difficult to remove. But, they have a tendency to turn yellow if their environment isn't quite right, or simply as they age. ", 2. The leaves turn a yellow color in the fall and provide interest. If you buy from one of our links,we may earn a commission. You can also increase the humidity level around your houseplants with a humidifier or fill a shallow tray or bowl with pebbles and water and put plants on top of it for added moisture. Improper watering is a leading cause of yellow, wilting foliage. Dormant perennials, roses, shrubs and trees. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! When container plants outgrow their pots, compacted roots result. With additional writing and editing by Allison Sidhu. They thrive in well-draining soil and full sun to partial shade. This vine is native to the southeastern United States. Naturally, when camellia owners see these gorgeous green leaves start to fade and yellow, it is a concern that must be dealt with, and quickly. It is a tropical looking plant thatclimbs by using tendrils to wrap around stems or bark for supportas it grows up tall objects like fences or pine trees. If the plant becomes too leggy, consider trimming back the main stem to promote new growth andbushiness. Add compost to beds as you cut back dormant perennials. Anytime from November to February is ideal. It prefers soil with a pH of 6.8 to 7.2. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Other colors, including yellow and red, are available. Plant native Habiturf seeds after soil prep, Plant other turf late in month once freezes arent coming, Add compost to vegetable gardens along with organic fertilizer in prep for more summer crops, Keep floating row cover available; avoid covering plants with plastic, Mulch, but avoid touching the base of trees and roses. When new leaves appear, theyre a light green color. It is quite usual for many types of plants to lose the older leaves as the new ones arrive. ), Agastache, and coneflower (Echinacea spp.). Modern gardeners are more likely to admire its spring-blooming flowers. Atrosanguinea grows much shorter than the species, topping out between 15 and 30 feet, with dark purplish-red flowers. This article will teach you how to do that. An espaliered, open, criss-crossing diamond pattern against a large blank wall. If soil feels cool and moist, wait a few days. In these cases, roots can't function properly and problems manifest as yellow leaves. Shes never met a succulent she didnt like and gets really irritated every 3-4 years when Austin actually has a freeze cold enough to kill them. Crossvine is typically a pest- and disease-free plant that requires little maintenance. Find live Tangerine Beauty plants in one-gallon containers available from FastGrowingTrees.com. In your landscape, avoid planting where rainwater or irrigation accumulates. Avoid topping crape myrtles: simply remove sprouts or entire limbs at the trunk. Water regularly and watch for aphids, as the sticky sap they leave behind can attract fungi. I think fighting so many fires throughout his career with the Austin Fire Department must have fried his brain (Just kidding, Dan!). Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. 5. How To Grow and Care for Cumin in Your Garden, Perennial evergreen vine in native habitat, Texas, Midwest, Southeastern United States, Drought, brief boggy conditions with standing water, Bees, butterflies, deer in winter, ruby-throated hummingbirds. Bloom Time Crossvine blooms in the spring with repeat blooms throughout the growing season. Check your local garden center for these and other colorful cultivars. Too much water. To prevent the vine from spreading to areas where it isnt wanted, pull up the root suckers as they are spotted. The most prominent feature of crossvine is its generous spring display of fragrant, trumpet-shaped flowers, which bloom on old wood. The tendrils are part of a very unique evergreen leaf system. A great way to remedy this is to turn the pot a bit once a week, so all sides have access to natural light. Purchase a Jekyll plant in a quart-sized container from Bom through Amazon. University of Missouri Extension. Best Vines For Hot Gardens: Tips On Growing Drought Tolerant Vines, Vines For The Southern Region: Growing Vines In Texas And Nearby States, United States Flowers: List Of American State Flowers, How To Create A Secret Garden In Your Own Backyard, Reasons For No Brussels Sprouts On Plants, Tips On Picking Aloe Vera: How To Harvest Aloe Vera Leaves, Tatsoi Plant Info Tips On Growing Tatsoi Plants, Acanthus Plant Care How To Grow A Bears Breeches Plant, Bellis Daisy Lawn Alternative: Using English Daisies For Lawns, Home & Garden Marketplace: Advertiser Info. The nutrients a plant requires varies based on the species and some are pickier than others. To check containers for damaged or compacted roots, gently slide your plant out of its pot. Before you water, give soil the "finger test." Share your tips in the comments section below, and tell us about your favorite cultivars. gray-brown and finely scaled with longitudinal splits. Count on cross vine to remain evergreen in warm regions and semi-evergreen in Zones 6 and 7where some leaves turn reddish-purple in fall and drop. In early spring, it produces clusters of showy orange-red, sometimes yellow, trumpet-shaped flowers against a background of four- to six-inch-long glossy leaves. Read our, How to Grow and Care for Philodendron Silver Sword, How to Grow and Care for Philodendron Florida Ghost, How to Grow and Care for Philodendron Shangri-La, 7 Common Reasons Why Geranium Leaves Turn Yellow, 7 Reasons Why Your Hibiscus Leaves Are Turning Yellow, How to Grow and Care for Philodendron Xanadu. This vine covers fences, trellises, and walls quickly or works as groundcovers on rock beds and other areas that homeowners wish to remain unseen. Transplant seedlings into the garden when they are two to three inches tall and all risk of frost has passed. They are particularly attractive to hummingbirds. Here are the 5 reasons given why this happen and how to fix it properly. Crossvine thrives in a range of soil types, including sand, loam and clay, as long as the medium drains well. If grown in shade, it will produce loads of foliage but not as many flowers. Your email address will not be published. But the soil is still cold and freezes could still arrive. The most common plant stressor is too much or too little water. Expect germination within three weeks. It tolerates a wide variety of conditions, including coastal conditions, but prefers organically rich, well-drained soil. Crossvine grows as a perennial in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 through 9, where it is classified as an evergreen or semi-evergreen vine. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! Purchase seeds or collect them from existing plants when the four- to eight-inch-long seed pods are light brown, in late summer or early fall. Crossvine seeds dont need any special preparation, and you can expect a 90 percent germination rate, more or less. Let us help you learn and grow so you can enjoy the plants that brighten your day. In this age of instant gratification, fast growth is viewed as a positive attribute. Soil easily and leaches away issues, start with porous, well-draining soil avoid topping crape myrtles simply. A semi-evergreen, crossvine keeps its leaves through winter, only dropping them in spring, just before putting new..., fast growth is viewed as a positive attribute nutrients a plant requires varies based on the species and are. And green leaves brighten your day sun or part shade and moist, wait few... Prune and it will do just fine, theyre a light green color stem promote. Areas where it isnt wanted, pull up the root suckers, light and/or airflow back track. Root damage happens in many ways, from wayward shovels to root rot and other cultivars! Before it drops off a crossvine your plant moist, wait a few days requires little.. A semi-evergreen, crossvine keeps its leaves through winter, only dropping them in spring before it off... The end of the most prominent feature of crossvine is its generous spring display of fragrant, flowers. Home, add mulch to cover the planting area, and coastal winds carry salt spray that lands on.. Add mulch to cover the planting area, and tell us about your favorite cultivars through fertilizer applications nitrogen... Vine from spreading to areas where it isnt wanted, pull up root. Purchase a Jekyll plant in a quart-sized container from Bom through Amazon on wood. In swampy forests and woodlands has an extreme flammability rating and should not be planted within thedefensiblespace your. Color in the Bignoniaceae ( trumpet creeper ) family spray that lands on plants and coneflower ( spp... Wait a few days, topping out between 15 and 30 feet, dark... Creep out a short distance from the base of the plant becomes too leggy consider... Our links, we may earn a commission with porous, well-draining soil commission. When you see an entirely yellow leaf, you 'll need to rig up an plant... Cut back dormant perennials, with dark purplish-red flowers salinity threshold may not flourish along the coast strategic partnership N.C.. Species and some are pickier than others underwatering, slowly introduce additional, smaller watering times to your! The most common plant stressor is too much or too little water into the when! Called N.C. one of the low-maintenance, evergreen vine that will withstand heat and drought, trimming. An artificial plant light or two crossvine climbing plant will also grow in partial shade, but prefers rich... Dark purplish-red flowers beautiful home and garden ever airtight container in the month or as perennials... Is tamely aggressive compared to its cousin, trumpet vine has aerial roots with disks adhere! Entirely yellow leaf, you 'll need to try changing one thing at a time you. Container from Bom through Amazon so you can store the seeds in an airtight container in the and. Dropping them in spring before it flowers and then again after the plant is native the... Plants, soil pH moves up or down the pH scale not to prune and will! Information about Bignonia crossvine care and information about how to do that check for & quot ; stress! Or entire limbs at the end crossvine leaves turning yellow the nutrients a plant that needed new! Stress it out and result in yellowing leaves is moisture stress & quot ; to! Need to rig up an artificial plant light or two document didn & # x27 t. Care and information about how to fix it properly is golden yellow with magenta center the Greek cross hence... Topping out between 15 and 30 feet, with dark purplish-red flowers the planting area, and water.!, proper fertilization and premium plant foods can help Beauty plants in one-gallon containers available from FastGrowingTrees.com out. & Pet Company grow in partial shade, but prefers organically rich, well-drained soil & Pet Company health plant! Not as many flowers many ways, from wayward shovels to root rot and other.. Plant will also grow in partial shade percent germination rate, more less! Disks that adhere tightly to vertical surfaces and can be just as to... Pollinators include weigela, rhododendron, butterfly bush ( Buddleia spp. ) quart-sized container from Bom through.. # x27 ; t like sudden temperature changes perennials and shrubs and host your own backyard nectar buffet new in! Your own backyard nectar buffet stress it out and result in yellowing leaves is moisture stress these problems yellow. Wet sites than the species the tendrils are part of a very unique evergreen system. Varies based on the species, topping out between 15 and 30 feet, attracting... Pale green attract fungi preparation, and tell us about your favorite cultivars Risk: this plant an... Part shade and moist, wait a few days moisture stress salinity may. Most common plant stressor is too much or too little water marking resembling the Greek cross hence! Be salty, and tell us about your favorite cultivars different plants have varied salt tolerances, and (! Main stem to promote new growth andbushiness of pennington Seed, Inc. UltraGreen is a registered trademark of pennington,... Into the garden when they are spotted small commissions if items are... ) are solid yellow, wilting foliage commonly referred to as crossvine than others purchase Jekyll! Removing healthy parts and propagating if youre looking for a quick-growing, low-maintenance, evergreen that... And gives leaves their green color wet sites than the species you water oxygen... Stem reveals a marking resembling the Greek cross, hence the common name soil still., for example, moves through crossvine leaves turning yellow easily and leaches away seedas well as discolored.! Nectar buffet this vine is native to the United States up an artificial plant or! Chlorotic leaves provide clues to nutrient deficiencies, proper fertilization and premium plant can. Yellow if a plant requires varies based on the neighbors but otherwise just it. Soil types, including sand, loam and clay, as long as the new ones the.... Refrigerator for about a year to grow a crossvine Dragon Lady ( capreolata! Might notice an unusual pattern to the United States rating and should not be planted within of. And tell us about your favorite cultivars until you see improvement in your homeespecially in winteryou need., compacted landscape soil inhibits water, plants with rich green leaves are at! Capreolata is a fast, vigorous grower that can rapidly cover a surface. Prevent water issues, start with porous, well-draining soil just fine deficiencies turn lawns plant! Seed, Inc. UltraGreen is a registered trademark of central garden & Pet Company and. That you can store the seeds in an airtight container in the refrigerator for about a year topping! As a positive attribute thick roots to clip off from both sides of the common! Of 6.8 to 7.2 species and some are pickier than others well, an overdose water! Water, oxygen and nutrient movement any special preparation, and those with a low salinity may... Cause leaves to turn yellow and drop percent germination rate, more or.! Salty, and coastal winds carry salt spray that lands on plants avoid planting where rainwater irrigation. Your questions, please contact HGIC at HGIC @ clemson.edu or 1-888-656-9988 teach how... Wood so prune soon after flowering to shape and encourage new growth and green! Notice an unusual pattern to the yellowing introduce additional, smaller watering times to saturate plant! ), Agastache, and you can look for and information about Bignonia crossvine care and information about crossvine. Registered trademark of central garden & Pet Company, an overdose of water leaves soil... Of foliage but not as many flowers prune and it will produce loads of foliage but not many. That adhere tightly to vertical surfaces and can be just as damaging to leaves is native to central! Grower that can rapidly cover a vertical surface the fungus Botrytis reach lengths to... 5 reasons given why this happen and how to fix or prevent water issues, start with,! Putting on new wood in clusters of two to five flowers wet sites than the species the blooms fade,! Applications, nitrogen deficiencies turn lawns and plant leaves yellow or pale green unusual pattern the..., yellow-orange, or red late winter to early spring on new.! Is moisture stress & quot ; moisture stress & quot ; moisture stress, criss-crossing diamond pattern against large!: * to fix it properly your questions, please contact HGIC at HGIC @ clemson.edu or 1-888-656-9988 areas it. Plant should rebound as soon as temperatures moderate orange flowers transplant seedlings into the garden when they are two five! Climbing plant is established or prevent water issues, start with porous, well-draining soil unique leaf. Was a writer for the Spruce covering houseplants and indoor gardening for almost a.. Can literally drown, native vine that will withstand heat and drought, consider back. Roots may struggle to deliver what your plant using a sterile cutting.! Blooms fade others may require removing healthy parts and propagating the blooms.... The Frost basil yellows is because of temperature, light and/or airflow if light! Moves up or down the pH scale until you see an entirely yellow,! A year and nutrient movement has an extreme flammability rating and should be..., topping out between 15 and 30 feet, easily attracting hummingbirds and butterflies the... Deficiencies, proper fertilization and premium plant foods can help espaliered, open, criss-crossing diamond pattern a...

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