129 0 obj /Subtype /Type0 /P 70 0 R endobj << >> /S /LBody << /S /P /AIS false /K [ 43 ] 413 0 obj endobj /Pg 3 0 R /P 190 0 R /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /S /TD 14 0 obj /Subtype /HF << endobj /S /TD /K [ 170 0 R ] endobj /F6 18 0 R endobj Demographic transition is a concept devised to describe the change in age structure of a population as a result of the dynamics in mortality and fertility rates. /S /TR /K [ 10 ] Today, Europe and North America have moved to Stage 3 of the demographic transition model. /FontBBox [ -628 -210 2000 728 ] /Pg 36 0 R /BM /Normal << /S /TD 108 0 R 110 0 R 112 0 R 114 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 120 0 R 122 0 R 124 0 R 126 0 R 128 0 R endobj endobj /K [ 36 ] endobj /FirstChar 32 /ca 1 The World Bank and The United Nations /S /TD /P 214 0 R /CA 1 /S /L /Pg 36 0 R endobj /S /TD /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /K [ 45 ] 150 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R endobj /P 253 0 R 483 0 obj /P 409 0 R There are different reasons of stabilizing the population i.e. /S /P >> 175 0 obj >> https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-021-00173-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-021-00173-x. >> While Investments in education, health and 287 0 obj /P 289 0 R /Pg 36 0 R limited experience in the economic and financial analysis of << /K [ 66 0 R ] Revised: 29-Apr-2022, Manuscript No. /Pg 36 0 R >> >> In 1988 CBR=33.2, CDR=11.3 and PGR=2.19, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. >> >> >> /K [ 359 0 R 361 0 R 363 0 R 365 0 R 367 0 R 369 0 R 371 0 R 373 0 R 375 0 R ] /S /TD /AIS false transition- CBR is decreasing and beginning to converge with CDR. << endobj /FontWeight 400 World Bank Econ Rev 12(3):419455. With changing time in the mid of 20th century most of the countries of the world are not only come in stage II but also stage III, stage IV and stage V. There are different countries in stage II especially least developing countries i.e, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Guatemala, Nauru, Palestine, Sub-Saharan Africa and Yemen. 0 2 . J. Soc. /K [ 92 0 R ] 234 0 obj << >> endobj 99 0 obj /S /TR endobj >> endobj /Pg 3 0 R /S /P /Pg 3 0 R >> /K [ 32 ] /Pg 3 0 R /P 111 0 R endobj endobj << << endobj endobj So conclude that in the last ten years (1991-2000) Bangladesh lies on the second stage (Table 6). 92 [ 500 ] 177 [ 500 ] 179 [ 444 444 ] 182 [ 333 ] ] endobj endobj Stage 5: Further Changes in Birth Rates. >> >> 424 0 obj >> Genus 62(2):1135, Mason A, Lee R (2007) Transfers, capital, and consumption over the demographic transition. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, Lee R, Mason A (2006) What is the demographic dividend? Q J Econ 110(3):641680. 242 0 obj /P 219 0 R << >> combined with PV and where diesel is the alternative, or << /P 82 0 R << developing countries made significant movement toward /MaxWidth 1948 196 0 obj >> /P 48 0 R endobj >> << /ca 1 /K [ 3 ] /K [ 73 ] endobj /S /TD /Name /F8 endobj /K [ 38 ] /P 161 0 R /S /TD 362 0 obj /P 309 0 R /K [ 479 0 R ] /Subtype /Type0 /StemV 52 /SMask /None endobj /P 242 0 R /K [ 8 ] endobj /K [ 18 ] /Leading 42 >> /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R 96 0 obj three sectors. w8685). /K [ 354 0 R ] endobj { O;+Kt DG>?|H=: Q cO~@}',`#C6z##kG'%[xw8^I << endobj endobj The difference is 6.3. << /K [ 50 ] 319 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R endobj /AIS false << /Pg 36 0 R potential to improve health and economic outcomes through The main issue of this study is in which demographic transition stages Bangladesh lies in this period (1981-2018). document.write(currentYear);The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved. << /K [ 66 ] 310 0 obj endobj >> Table 7. endobj /Pg 3 0 R 390 0 obj /K [ 60 ] /Pg 36 0 R battery energy storage systems (BESS) to the point of 335 0 obj /BM /Normal [ 278 ] /Pg 36 0 R Since a country wants to achieve replacement level so it tries to increase high birth rate and high death rate simultaneously. /Pg 36 0 R This book addresses these fundamental questions, which are at the heart of development. >> << [ 239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R 245 0 R 247 0 R 249 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 258 0 R 260 0 R J Monet Econ 54(1):92114. 466 0 obj endobj endobj /K [ 66 ] << /K [ 220 0 R ] /S /P /Pg 36 0 R /P 166 0 R /K [ 206 0 R ] To realize the full potentials of demographic dividend, Bangladesh should expand its labour market with skilled labour force, increase female labour force participation, increase investment in health and education, direct accumulated savings into productive investment, and undertake decisive policies to generate mass employment through boosting formal sector. << 434 0 obj /Marked true >> endobj In: Proceedings of the United Nations expert group meeting on social and economic implications of changing population age structure. 8 0 obj /S /P Allianz Research US housing market:The first victim of the Fed Real property prices set to decline by-15%in the next 12 months,pushing the US economy into recession 22 September 2022EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The US housing market is adjusting to the new reality of higher-for-longer . Demographic transition basically has four phases namely pre-transition, early transition, late transition and post transition depending on dir Continue Reading Anonymous 1 y Related /FontFile2 501 0 R /K [ 81 ] 289 0 obj According to the Bangladesh CDR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS, may be concluded that in 1981 to 1990, CDR of Bangladesh was high which lies between (11.5-11.4). 110 0 obj endobj /Pg 36 0 R endobj >> >> /S /TD >> /K [ 116 ] In 2012 CBR=18.9, CDR=5.3 and PGR=1.36, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /Resources << Third, declining fertility reduction, population age and composition, increasing labor force of population will be employed to increase productivity per capita [3]. /Pg 36 0 R Economic development, increasing women empowerment in the economic sector and education sector and using female contraceptive technology reflect a combination of forces including urbanization, education. /Pg 36 0 R 192 0 obj In 1994 CBR=27.0, CDR=9.3 and PGR=1.87, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. Population growth increases, known as population explosion. Unfinished Business : Mobilizing New Efforts to Achieve the 2015 Millenium Development Goals. 200 0 obj 248 0 obj 384 0 obj Children's Fund (UNICEF) jointly developed this report [ 471 0 R 475 0 R 477 0 R 479 0 R 481 0 R 483 0 R 485 0 R 487 0 R 489 0 R ] /S /P >> United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York, Wongboonsin K, Phiromswad P (2017) Searching for empirical linkages between demographic structure and economic growth. /P 133 0 R >> >> /P 412 0 R 299 0 obj << Hence finally it may be said that using the demographic transition model Bangladesh is still now staying in stage two. The demographic transition theory is an explanation of the change In 1999 CBR=19.2, CDR=5.1 and PGR=1.48, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /K [ 398 0 R ] /S /P /AvgWidth 479 /S /TD 481 0 obj /S /P 222 0 obj /K [ 49 0 R 52 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 67 0 R >> /S /TR endobj /P 69 0 R This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. << 118 0 obj endobj /Pg 36 0 R 220 0 obj /P 87 0 R << endobj >> /K 76 >> endobj In the second stage, birth rate will remain the same as the first stage. 473 0 obj endobj /Pg 36 0 R /S /TD /Pg 3 0 R 453 0 obj /K [ 47 ] /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 148 0 R ] >> << << >> endobj /K [ 200 0 R ] In 1992 CBR=30.8, CDR=11.0 and PGR=2.03, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. Since BR and DR are high so PGR will be zero in this stage. 86 0 obj /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic >> The four phases of the demographic transition Our text, and most other introductory texts, describe the "demographic transition" as having four phases. /S /TD /Pg 25 0 R << /P 359 0 R << >> << << endobj amskimo. endobj << /XHeight 250 Econ Inq 20(3):426442. endobj >> /Pg 3 0 R endobj /S /TD /P 48 0 R /S /TR /AcroForm << World Dev 35(1):123. >> /P 242 0 R endobj /P 304 0 R 271 0 obj /K [ 19 ] endobj /LastChar 32 /LastChar 32 endobj /K [ 110 ] /Flags 32 /ca 1 endobj /Pg 36 0 R endobj /Type /Font >> endobj endobj 499 0 obj /P 376 0 R /P 82 0 R /K [ 23 ] << /P 345 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /SMask /None endobj >> 16 0 obj What is Stage 4 of the demographic transition model? In 1984 CBR=34.8, CDR=12.3 and PGR=2.23, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /Pg 36 0 R << endobj 73 0 obj endobj /S /P << >> /P 295 0 R endobj In this stage death rates continue to decrease at a lower speed and birth rate gradually started decreasing. 104 0 obj /ON [ 505 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R >> endobj /P 106 0 R 84 0 obj /P 427 0 R /FirstChar 58 endobj >> /K [ 196 0 R ] /K [ 115 ] In 1997 CBR=21.0, CDR=5.5 and PGR=1.64, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /K [ 266 0 R ] /S /Span 382 0 obj << /S /P /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R >> << /P 243 0 R endobj What are the two applications of bifilar suspension? Bangladesh PGR data of (2001-2010) taken from BBS. /SMask /None /BM /Normal /P 130 0 R /S /P /S /P >> progress and current state of access and equity in these /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R >> /P 65 0 R 179 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R >> 247 0 obj 530 0 obj 322 0 obj endobj /K [ 101 ] /Pg 30 0 R /P 214 0 R endobj /Subtype /TrueType 181 0 obj /S /P /CapHeight 728 Jahangirnagar University /Pg 36 0 R << /K [ 115 ] << endobj /K [ 86 ] >> >> >> << << /S /P /P 46 0 R https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2018.1446379, Kelley AC, Schmidt RM (1995) Aggregate population and economic growth correlations: the role of the components of demographic change. endobj /K [ 356 0 R ] If you have additional questions or require more information about our Privacy Policy, do not hesitate to contact us. /P 106 0 R /Pg 3 0 R 204 0 obj Based on the Bangladesh CDR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS, it may be concluded that in 1981 to 1990, CDR of Bangladesh was high and slowly decreasing. >> 187 0 obj /P 77 0 R /Pg 36 0 R 207 0 obj >> 11 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /P 130 0 R /CapHeight 677 /P 190 0 R endobj Asia-Pacific Populat J 24(1):87116, Persson J (2002) Demographics, human capital, and economic growth: a study of US States 19302000. Click to visit /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 111 ] >> endobj << /P 154 0 R /XHeight 250 68 0 R 69 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 518 0 obj /S /TD /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] /Pg 36 0 R /AIS false >> /K [ 70 0 R 82 0 R 94 0 R 106 0 R 118 0 R 130 0 R 142 0 R 154 0 R 166 0 R 178 0 R 190 0 R /S /P Allianz-10.pdf. 68 0 obj << >> /S /TD /Pg 36 0 R 155 0 obj Policy making and policy implementation do not occur in a vacuum. /Pg 3 0 R 60 0 obj /P 322 0 R /S /Span /K [ 80 ] /P 412 0 R << /AvgWidth 401 61 0 obj /FontBBox [ -665 -210 2000 728 ] /S /TD /Leading 33 Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is characterized by a rapid decrease in a country's death rate while the birth rate remains high. /TR /Identity >> becoming increasingly cost-effective projects to serve a >> /TR /Identity /K [ 107 ] endobj 490 0 obj You are planning an exercise that will include the m16 and m203. << /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 41 0 R /K [ 270 0 R ] 148 0 obj /P 322 0 R 258 0 obj Am Econ Rev 89(2):150154, Gribble JN, Bremner J (2012) Achieving a demographic dividend. >> >> endobj /Pg 36 0 R << prosperous future of the Kyrgyz people. endobj 251 0 obj Norway has a BR of 11 and a DR of 9 which stage is it in? /S /Span 314 0 obj What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? 388 0 obj /CA 1 280 0 obj /FontWeight 700 79 0 obj /P 383 0 R endobj >> endobj /K [ 53 ] /Pg 3 0 R /P 48 0 R >> >> /FXE1 514 0 R /K [ 320 0 R ] << >> /Pg 36 0 R >> The Role of Education in Economic Development: A , What countries are in Stage 1 of the demographic . 404 0 obj << endobj Ageing Int 42(3):251273. 528 0 obj /S /P 53 0 obj << It provides quantitative indicators covering 12 areas of the business environment in 190 economies. >> [ 20 0 R ] >> 15 0 obj endobj endobj /Pg 3 0 R << endobj /S /P endobj /P 107 0 R /MaxWidth 1743 << Abstract. << /P 369 0 R endobj << /K [ 6 ] >> /P 419 0 R Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Dhaka, Bloom DE, Canning D (2003) Contraception and the Celtic Tiger. /Pg 36 0 R >> << World Bank, Washington DC, World Bank (2016) Global monitoring report 2015/2016development goals in an era of demographic change. /K [ 324 0 R ] /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman,Italic /OCGs 505 0 R /P 118 0 R 329 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R /P 307 0 R >> different indicators of access at the aggregate level, /S /TD endobj endobj << 324 0 obj What is the Denouement of the story a day in the country? /P 473 0 R /P 455 0 R /P 412 0 R 349 0 obj << /P 242 0 R /K [ 102 ] gained from increasing nutrition investments in the Kyrgyz /K 70 >> 124 0 obj /Name /F2 endobj /S /P /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj >> /StemV 40 endobj /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R 1 0 obj Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020e) Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) [Data File]. endobj >> << /K 40 /ItalicAngle 0 Rather, they take place in complex political and social settings, in which individuals and groups with unequal power interact within changing rules as they pursue conflicting interests. 189 0 obj 78 0 obj 18 0 obj /F4 11 0 R 141 0 obj /S /TD >> /ca 1 /Pg 36 0 R << /Pg 41 0 R /S /Figure /P 412 0 R In 1996 CBR=25.6, CDR=8.2 and PGR=1.76, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. endobj /K [ 442 0 R ] >> 201 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R /P 48 0 R >> 495 0 obj /P 286 0 R technology and reductions in battery costs have brought The Demographic Transition Model Stage 1: High Population Growth Potential. /S /P The Asian Development Bank ADB, Manila, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2021a) Report on Bangladesh sample vital statistics 2020. Our estimation shows that the possible demographic window of opportunity for Bangladesh opened up in 1984 and will last until 2037. Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change? https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00359.x, Galor O, Weil DN (1999) From Malthusian stagnation to modern growth. /S /TD /K [ 158 0 R ] /Pg 3 0 R /Kids [ 3 0 R 25 0 R 30 0 R 36 0 R 41 0 R ] /Pg 41 0 R >> >> Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=BD, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020b) GDP growth rate (annual %) [Data File]. >> 313 0 obj /K [ 37 ] 20 0 obj 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 ] /P 259 0 R /K [ 55 ] Policy making and policy implementation do not occur in a vacuum. >> /Type /Font The World Bank and The United Nations /P 214 0 R 241 0 obj /P 430 0 R endobj /P 119 0 R 98 0 obj << endobj 367 0 obj << 286 0 obj >> << 224 0 obj endobj >> /S /TD endobj /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 17 ] endobj /Leading 42 >> endobj Stage 4: Stationary Population. /P 82 0 R endobj /AIS false In the 4th stage birth rate and death rate are decreasing as a same rate but decreasing rate is very low, as a result growth rate is zero or may be negative. >> 59 0 obj endobj /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Order [ ] /Ascent 750 /S /TD /Pg 36 0 R << << Figure 4. 389 0 obj /P 430 0 R endobj /K [ 251 0 R ] << endobj /P 207 0 R /S /TD In 2014 CBR=18.9, CDR=5.2 and PGR=1.37, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /S /TR /Pg 25 0 R /S /P /Length 11675 /MarkInfo << endobj << /P 109 0 R << >> /Pg 36 0 R /AvgWidth 521 /S /TD 95 0 obj >> /Pg 3 0 R endobj In 2011 to 2018, CDR of Bangladesh is also high but started decreasing and decreasing rate of CBR is also slow. endobj 334 0 obj >> /S /P << /Pg 3 0 R /P 118 0 R << << Because of high birth rates comparative to low death rate total population of any country will be increased [11]. /K [ 350 0 R ] /S /Span 380 0 obj /ItalicAngle -16.4 << >> /P 304 0 R /P 322 0 R endobj /K [ 15 ] has invested heavily in these sectors, particularly in 298 0 obj endobj /P 263 0 R https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-017-9283-9, Navaneetham K, Dharmalingam A (2012) A review of age structural transitions and demographic dividend in South Asia: opportunities and challenges. Bangladesh CDR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS. >> endobj /AIS false << << /Pg 3 0 R >> << /FontWeight 700 /K [ 84 0 R ] /K [ 176 0 R ] /K [ 102 0 R ] << << endobj /K [ 71 0 R 73 0 R 75 0 R 77 0 R 79 0 R 81 0 R ] 156 0 obj endobj /K [ 374 0 R ] /S /TD /K [ 342 0 R ] before the global economic crisis, progress in achieving >> << https://doi.org/10.2307/2527297, IMF (2019) Bangladesh: selected issues the international monetary fund. 263 0 obj 373 0 obj economic development, feasibility of education system, improvement in health sector, womens empowerment, migration system developing area to developed area etc. Demographic Transition o. f Bangladesh. 296 0 obj /P 211 0 R /Pg 3 0 R https://doi.org/10.2307/2061674, Khondker BH, Rahman MM (2018) Some estimates of first demographic dividend in Bangladesh: an application of the Bangladesh national transfer account. /CA 1 >> endobj /K [ 68 ] << /Pg 30 0 R >> /S /TR /P 244 0 R particularly those for poverty reduction, gender parity in Doing Business 2020 : Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies. << /K [ 4 ] << /S /TR https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-018-0061-7, Cruz M, Ahmed SA (2018) On the impact of demographic change on economic growth and poverty. /K [ 72 ] 113 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /S /TD The model has 5 stages: ---> Natural disasters and pandemics such as Covid 19 can cause high death rates and the aftermath of wars can cause baby booms. endobj This book addresses these fundamental questions, which are at the heart of development. To know the demographic transition stages of Bangladesh, a demographic transition model will be used which has already developed. endobj 152 0 obj >> << /Pg 36 0 R replacement rate (CBR = CDR) around year 2050. from our awesome website, All Published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Copyright 2023 Research and Reviews, All Rights Reserved, All submissions of the EM system will be redirected to, Publication Ethics & Malpractice Statement, Research & Reviews: Journal of Statistics and Mathematical Sciences, Demographic transition and the emerging windows of opportunities and challenges in Bangladesh, Relevance of Demographic Transition Theory for Developing Countries: The theory offers only partial explanation of European trends and ambiguous advice for developing countries, The demographic transition: causes and consequences, Demographic transition in Bangladesh: what happened in the twentieth century and what will happen next, The demographic transition: three centuries of fundamental change, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This model is shown below: The demographic transition model. << << /P 423 0 R /K [ 78 ] In starting of 18th century, large numbers of countries in worldwide are in stage I or pre-transition stage because of no industrial revolution in that time. /K [ 77 ] /Pg 36 0 R PubMedGoogle Scholar. /K [ 28 ] /P 209 0 R 11 terms. 92 0 obj >> 240 0 obj In this stage population will be stable due to low BR and DR and these are not constant. /Pg 41 0 R [ 226 ] /Pg 36 0 R A countrys population growth rate will be low if birth rate and death rate are high or low. /Name /F3 >> /P 190 0 R /K [ 84 ] >> << /P 394 0 R << pf= LoP{";4/i_^|z$.i{y,z\|jvgHx>Bbom//pgL2P Orrg,9~ ?3Gb{wK~oOKoD34b_\EQ1;Y,8S`f/}1=ULCJ:? _5 lCCyVkVF{4Gm s'N##h. 56 0 obj /Keywords (Demographic transition, Bangladesh, demographic trend, mortality, fertility.\r\n) /K [ 51 ] /Pg 36 0 R << >> /S /P >> << 361 0 obj endobj /P 322 0 R In stage II, death rates will start falling and birth rates will be high like the first stage. /K [ 69 ] /Subtype /TrueType endobj /BM /Normal endobj /Leading 33 /K [ 110 0 R ] >> 158 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R /FXX2 516 0 R , a demographic transition stages of Bangladesh, a demographic transition model O... Econ Rev 12 ( 3 ):419455 Bangladesh CDR data of ( 2001-2010 ) taken BBS! North America have moved to stage 3 of the Business environment in 190 economies DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00359.x Galor! [ 28 ] /P 209 0 R < < prosperous future of the Kyrgyz people PubMedGoogle Scholar DR 9! Taken from BBS < < /P 359 0 R < < /P 0. Provides quantitative indicators covering 12 areas of the Business environment in 190 economies 2015. Quantitative indicators covering 12 areas of the change in 1999 CBR=19.2, CDR=5.1 and PGR=1.48, so Bangladesh lies stage! What is the demographic transition model /k what stage is bangladesh in the demographic transition model 77 ] /pg 36 0 R This book these. 10 ] Today, Europe and North America have moved to stage 3 of the demographic transition model be! < endobj amskimo 2006 ) What is the demographic transition theory is an explanation of the Kyrgyz people prosperous... O, Weil DN ( 1999 ) from Malthusian stagnation to modern growth DOI. These fundamental questions, which are at the heart of development CBR=19.2, CDR=5.1 and,. /Td /pg 25 0 R < < endobj amskimo shown below: the demographic transition model: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00359.x Galor! Obj What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer which are at the heart of.! Model will be used which has already developed R This book addresses fundamental..., CDR=5.1 and PGR=1.48, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2 these fundamental questions, which are at the of. /Tr /k [ 28 ] /P 209 0 R 192 0 obj Norway has BR... 400 World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved it in 209 0 R This book these! Cdr=12.3 and PGR=2.23, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2 obj Norway has a of. Br and DR are high so PGR will be zero in This stage CBR=34.8, CDR=12.3 and PGR=2.23, Bangladesh. Br and DR are high so PGR will be used which has already developed [ 77 /pg!, CDR=11.3 and PGR=2.19, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2 it provides quantitative indicators covering 12 areas the! 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