Years afterwards their unburied skeletons could be seen. There was no pretence at architecture or even orderly erection of the crude break-wind. It was no uncommon thing for some wandering visitor from another tribe to come along at certain intervals to teach our blacks another song, probably one of his own composition. It was probably at this site that my great-great- grandmothers kinship fathers passed those intermediate days between boyhood and manhood. The men beleaguered in the hut were driven to dire straits, and as a last resource mixed arsenic in dampers and placed them where the natives had easy access to them. If, on the contrary, the tribe to whom the white stone was sent consider the time inopportune, or that there are other weighty reasons for post-poning the general gathering, no white stone is returned by the messenger, and the initiator then knows that they do not approve of his proposal, and the matter lapses for the present. When the kangaroos came hopping along, a cloud of spears and purrahmirre. Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 - 1931) Sat 24 Aug 1895 Page 3 WITH THE BLACKS. Naturally they avoided as much as possible the necessity of going through this process. Holding the lads firmly, the men then began a mad, wild dance, about the fire, working themselves up to a pitch of terrific excitement until they suddenly sprang on the blazing coals and began to stamp them out. The waters of the bay teemed with fish of every description, easily taken at all times. Billy Barlow once explained to me how this remarkable marking was done. 101 0 obj <>stream He did not own the land, the land owned him.. She then passed the crossed ends of the cords rapidly to and fro between her closed lips until the blood, drawn by the friction dropped freely into the water, discolouring it to a crimson fluid. The district blacks were collected in a cluster of saplings on the opposite ridge in full view of the execution. Sir By the directions of T. Cook, Esq., our Supt of Police, and in explanation of that part of your letter to him dated the 30th July, relative to the aboriginal black named in the margin [Jemmy], I do myself the honor to inform you that the said black native was tried at this court on 29th January last, and found guilty of an assault and robbery, and committed to take his trial before the Supreme Court. The Wonnarua were part of the land. men acting as general advisers, but by what authority I never knew. The site is listed on the Register of the National Estate and is considered a sacred site. This only lasts a few minutes and then all the men follow after the novices. Many years ago a party of blanks made a raid on Mackenzies men at Rawdon Vale, in the Gloucester district then known -as Kiripit the native name of that small variety of kangaroo rat. After a while the former said to them, Put your hand into the split and help me burst the log. They did so. The bull-roarers are then given into the hands of the novices, who touch their bodies with them. These were sacred to the owner. and other materials from their communities that are in the collections, and access to cultural material. The weight and strength of the whole spear was regulated according to the purpose for which It was specifically intended, thus the heaviest of them were utilised only for spearing the big sea mullet which swarm into the harbor in countless millions at certain seasons of the year. Discover our guides that help you research our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural material in the library. Then quickly it would pass from one to another, and each man in turn would extract a maximum of merriment from its possession. The diameters of this oval space were 28 feet and 20 feet respectively, being smaller than the oval near the camp. At Port Stephens there were two varieties in general use. The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation (WNAC) was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people, the traditional land owners of the Hunter Valley of New South Wales (NSW). Their attitude towards visiting blacks was also worthy of note. Havino been lying, so long, and sitting with their heads bent down, makes them weak and giddy, so that when they try to stand they stagger like a drunken man, and have to be helped to their feet, as before stated, by their guardians. These logs were generally supposed to have been left by floods, but I never felt satisfied, for they were mostly about the same distance apart. The Earliest Inhabitants - Aboriginal Tribes of the District. In this section, there's a wealth of information about our collections of scientific specimens and cultural objects. There was a bora ring on the property of the late Justin Bruyn, on Sugarloaf, and was situated on what was known as Bora ridge. But very seldom did they eat them raw. Renowned historian and Wonnarua descendant, James Miller explains in his book Koori a Will to Win: The land held the key to life's secrets. Fatal was the effect. We have over a billion unique profiles in our tree, and growing. My Descendant Group was respon- sible to maintain the country on the South to South Eastern side of the Barrington Tops and associated Rivers and Valleys, which run into the Hunter Valley. FamilySearch is an international, nonprofit organization dedicated to helping all people discover their family story. The second, which Mr Bennett seemingly refers to under Captain Reynolds, is apparently that expedition which led up to the encounter on Browns Creek, Wallamba, in which the whites were so decidedly worsted, that the locality of the encounter in question yet bears the name of Waterloo. They had, too, a custom ofdaubing their hands and feet with a com pound of fat and red ochre, and then impressing them on No. Any danger that might have arisen, through residence in malodorous and unhygienic environment was avoided in a very simple and practical fashion. Blackfellow!) The hull of the little vessel was made of a single sheet of bark of the stringy-bark (punnah) tree, obtained from a tall, straight clean bole. See what others have contributed about your ancestors. . Cook [wrote]: The native blacks are very savage in this locality and it is necessary that we should all carry arms when travelling. Capt. @!Jnm=z9A0h>n~q8FZG7dJNe)u&k3mNImpTyJdqynqM|49z?1Lg9RWy5HBJ4E>+w Close to the eastern side of the general encampment was the kackeroo, 40 feet by 29 feet, from which the yippang or path led away on a bearing of N. 85 E., ascending some sloping ground for a distance of 17 chains to the goonambang, on the crest of a low ridge. These were obtained by all the neighboring tribes in the vicinity of one of the most beautiful spots on the Manning waters, namely, Gummi Plain. They could throw their little spears with deadly accuracy; they could use a shield with the skill of their fathers. The same location is given for both these poisonings, Upper Gangat. This is said to be done to cause the novices hands and arms to grow stronger. Baime has his arms stretched open protecting the Valley. Eather, and a description of the last combined Bora ceremony on the family property in 1852. During the early part of each day, the men go out hunting, and bring home the results of the chase, consisting of kangaroos, iguanas, birds, and other game, as well as wild honey. It was their custom to seek his advice and assistance in almost every emergency that arose. Dont interfere with them ! The novices are told that the noise they hear is the voice of Goign, who would come and eat them if he got the chance. White men are not allowed to be present at this great ceremony, but by bribing one of the leading men I was permitted to be present at a part of the performance on condition that I did not come so near the company as to annoy the assembled tribes. Other traditional plant foods include the bulbs of many orchids and the starch from the crown of tree ferns and the starch from stinging tree roots being roasted to make bread. That night a white stone is given to each neophyte by some of the old men; it is put into a small bag, and is fastened to the boys girdle. Derby is a King and speaks English well. On the floor of the canoe, usually at the stern, there would be the inevitable mound of clay, the floating fireplace. Free online family tree maker. Mustering the Tribes.-When it is found that there are a sufficient number of boys old enough for initiation, the head-man of the tribe whose turn it is to call the. The Australian Museum respects and acknowledges the Gadigalpeople as the FirstPeoples and TraditionalCustodians ofthe land and waterways on which theMuseumstands. 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I have some old records of the A.A. Company at Carrington, and of the late Captain Thomas Cook, of Auchentorlie, Dungog One statement. Check out the What's On calendar of events, workshops and school holiday programs. The settlers from the Williams River side came across to the head of the Gloucester driving the blacks before them while the settlers on this side drove all the blacks up the river and at last cornered them on the small flat above McKenzies cliffs where they shot men women and children without mercy or consideration. Poisoning is the most cowardly form of massacre and the Aboriginal race cannot, do not, forget despite their kindly nature. The remnant of this fine old tribe is sadly degenerated by contact with the whites and strong drink; but still you may find them possessing good traits of character. I would respectfully call on His Excellency for instructions how to proceed that such evil and improper conduct may be speedily checked and further evil prevented. Altitude 5360 feet the highest point between Kosciusko and Mount Lindsay. As everything relating to these ceremonies is kept very secret it is only hearsay. This cleared space and its adjuncts is called kweealbang (fire place, or place of the fire). The mothers then pass out under the arms of the men; then the sisters pass out, and lastly all the other women and the men who had charge of them in the ring, and stand close by as spectators of the remainder of the proceedings. A few of the old men remain standing near them, armed with spears, to see that the covering is not interfered with. The territories on which Canberra (Ngunnawal), Perth (Noongar),. The blacks superstitiously avoid mention of their deceased brethren. They were a happy lot, the children, tumbling about with little regard to cleanliness as we knew it, and as healthy as could be. They would often knock the feathered forager from a tree trunk with a purrahmlrre (the throwing-stick), or a stone, laughing uproariously at the feat. As it reached a terrific climax it ceased suddenly, to be succeeded by great shouting and yelling from the men. The men and boys then change their position, and all march abreast. Tips: browse the semantic fields (see From ideas to words) in two languages to learn more. was open to attack from the Wallamba and Cape Hawke blacks [who] raided the run and speared the stock, driving many of the cattle [to the]unknown brushy headwaters of the Myall and Crowford to Bundbach, on the northern shores of Port Stephens. The toys in our collection were acquired between 1885 and 2018, and are made from various materials. xZ6+>E);?c'qkY2);YLg bF( First, the mothers of the boys are set free - then the sisters - and lastly, the other women and children are uncovered. Sir, I do myself the honor to state to you for the information of His Excel- lency the Governor that a formal complaint was made to me a few days ago, by a respectable person in this neighbourhood in favor of five aborigines whose names are in the margin [Derby, Purser, and three others]. The Earliest Inhabitants - Aboriginal Tribes of the District. Tra ditional hunting grounds were depleted, and sacred sites were destroyed. 'gxI'wHOs$;I qv,1*dFnuv1:d8G+2(Qke >W8T 9s+-uanLm An implement greatly In use was the tomahawk. Thank you for reading. It could hardly be said that they had any conception of a God, yet they feared, and feared profoundly, some terrible invisible being they named Cooen supposedly capable of exercising a maleficent influence over their lives. I have included the vocabularies from works clearly indicating the tribe they are referring to is Gringai, and have included multiple entries where they exist. removed the kidney fat without the painful operation above described. Australian Race 1887, pp350-359. After being prepared by their families, the boys were now ready to experience the transition from boyhood to manhood. The spears were really wonderful weapons; long, slender and graceful, and fashioned with a balance that was amazingly perfect. The spelling is as was recorded by the various sources. There were formerly several marked trees, around the goonambang, but they have all been burnt down and destroyed by bushfires. There was also a fear of certain localities for no given reason; there was the disincli- nation to do certain things at certain times; there was the strange refusal to speak of, or mention the name of one that had passed away. They never smiled nor did they ever applaud. In this paper he provides an overview of frontier history from the perspective of his people - the Wonnarua from the Hunter Valley.. About the Author James Wilson-Miller is the Curator of Koori History and Culture, Powerhouse Museum, Sydney and a PhD student in the SELF Research Centre. The women at the camp, on hearing this, assemble at the kackaroo, and begin to sing and beat their rugs, and some of them dance. When within six miles of the station Pumpkin Creek the soldiers refused to proceed further, fearing an ambush. . With their inimitable mimicry the deficiencies and idiosyncrasies of the others would be copied and mocked by strutting youths and old men, and even sometimes the women, their antics provoking the immoderate mirth of the whole tribe, including the very object of their humor. The sparks would be gently blown upon until a flame appeared, when thereafter it was no trouble to build up a roaring fire. They would take a fish, thrust a finger through the soft flesh just beneath a side fin, and through that small orifice withdraw all the entrails. These were called cumiml, and varied considerably in size and construction according to the purpose for which they were designed. It will perhaps be interesting to describe another keeparra ground visited by me, which is situated between three and four miles north-easterly from the village of Gresford, New South Wales. Another fear was always paramount in their minds, one that could be readily traced back to its genesis,and that was dread of at tack by other tribes. This station was In the care of 4 or 5 unarmed men (convicts). . Figure 12: The men and novices silently surround the women at the Kweealbang. The body of a man belonging to a strong family and with a big following would doubled up, heels to hips and face to knees, and the arms folded. There was one over the river near the beginning of Fosterton Road. all one afternoon, until stopped by the manager of the station and his men, but while the manager was persuading the. Open Microsoft Word, click then insert menu and then choose SmartArt graphics. ^ Vz"*+J )dEHgBH]n]L359YbF1yV8(eatI'o The fire got rid of those. The canoe was an essential part of the fishing operations, and these crude but effective craft were greatly in evidence. There have been as many as 2OO blacks at the Tillegra initiation ceremony, some coming from the Karuah. They ascended the lofty Mackenzie Table land and located the first body of fugitive natives camped on the northern face of the mountain on a narrow shelf above a gigantic cliff which overhung a tangled mass of brush and vines. The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people. The Family Tree offers users a free family tree template featuring multiple tree and fan chart views, timeline and mapping tools, record hints and research helps, and access to . Elizabeth and Jack might still conceive . or the boogerum and they and raised them to frenzy when the ceremonies were being performed. . Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 9 May 1922 Page 3 CONFLICTS WITH THE NATIVES. There was, I knew, another and more pregnant reason that no one would disclose. About the middle 30s there occurred a grim tragedy on the A. The blacks would capture them by tugging down vines and limbs to which the huge bats clung, knocking them on the head when they tumbled to the ground. The Gringai people, a group of indigenous people of Australia, are those Aus tralian Aborigines that were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunterfishergatherers in family groups as a clan of the Worimi people, whose traditional land is now known as the Port Stephens of New South Wales, Australia. % Their creation spirit is Baiami, also known as Koin, the creator of all things and the Keeper of the Valley. Hurst wrote that fatal disease, introduced by licentious Europeans interfered with the natural source of supply and increase. The triangle icon that indicates to play. The illustration above, Broken Bay [Hawkesbury RIver]Jemmy. But the blacks remained, and many of my earliest recollections are of them. Michael Smiths The Kutthung dialect on a deleted website accessible through, the Wayback Machine, https://goo.gl/twRvRg (KTT). Even the casual white man, uninitiated Into the ways of the chase, could have gleaned a living with little difficulty in that land of milk and honey. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. Each tribe take their own novices away with them, and put them through the remaining stages of initiation in their own country. The womerah, also common M most aboriginal tribes, was used to give further Impetus to the flight of a spear. We would like to acknowledge the Wonnarua people who are the traditional custodians of this land. The journey towards the kweealbang (fire place) is now resumed, all hands starting away from the water-hole in single file; and on going a short distance they are again met by the Keerang, who salute them in the same manner as before, and then return to the kweealbang, alnd report that the novices will shortly arrive. Scott identifies the mob at the North Shore of Port Stephens as Gringai, in an area Miller clearly identifies as Worrimi. Groups living near the Wonnarua include the Darkinjung and the Wirad. The section of the tree intended to be used for the purpose was first shaped in the rough and then put In the sea water for a lengthy period until the sap had gone and the tissue toughened. The men seem to have been attacked singly and in open daylight. He was a passenger in the steamer by which the prisoner had been forwarded from Newcastle, and the latter was then not only in a complete state of nudity, but the irons with which he was fettered had, from neglect, cut his ankles to the bone, and rendered his situation both painful and distressing. The constables and soldiers arrived at Lawlers hut and were to sleep there this night and in the morning begin their search for the blacks. Two days prior to this, while in the Jerrys Plains area, Cunningham had noted Exocarpus [Native Cherry] and Sterculia heterophyllus [Kurrajong - NSW Herbarium] appearing in every part of the Forest. make arrangements for the district constable and some others, together with some soldiers, being sent up to apprehend the offenders. The men then dance and jump about in the ring, uttering guttural noises, the men of the new mob calling out the names of a few principal camping grounds in the country from which they have come. Snatching fire-sticks from the camp fire, they would hurl the blazing brands in the air, presumably at the clouds (yarreel), at the same time puffing loudly with the mouth (kurracar). His audience would listen intently until they had mastered the words, the tune and all the business that went with it. Mathews, R.H. 1897. Rubbing the palms together he would cause the upright stick he held to revolve rapidly, the point gradually boring Its way through the pith beneath. The flesh was a delicate white color, and I confess that I tasted it one one occasion only and found it good. Most English definitions are provided by WordNet . %PDF-1.7 % How he, or she, was dealt with I was never able to discover. The soldiers came by boat via Newcastle and landing at Clarence Town marched in search of the tribe of blacks. white stone to be carried back to the headman who sent him. Glancing about I saw a strange aboriginal walking across a cleared space and approaching the camp. The settlers of Port Stephens, reinforced by the small body of time expired soldiers, retained by the A.A. Coy, proceeded direct to the scene.. . Can you list the top facts and stats about Wonnarua? Ironbark was used in their manufacture, and the bulging knob was capable of putting an enemy out of action with little trouble. hVmo:iNK$ ]z!C;IL}s,9,.EbxX08,vp1 X3?,XcB1#]S;4=>|e~wqbI? So long as it wa s well warmed in the fire they would eat it with avidity. By working the cords the wood was made to revolve rapidly, giving out the noise that gladdened their young hearts. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 14 May 1935 Page 6 BATTLE WITH THE BOWMAN BLACKS. from 1820 to 1921 by A.N. Built in partnership with local Aboriginal Elders and communities, GADI showcased the rich culture and history of the Country now known as Sydney City. As soon as a black got hold of a white mans tomahawk, he would remove the handle to substitute it with one of his own fashioning. [There was] a fight between the Wallamba tribe and a portion of the Kabook (Gloucester, Barrington, Rawdon Vale tribes). I was born at Carrington, Port Stephens, on September 19. For more information go to http://www.dec.nsw.gov.au/footer/copyright. There is none left now of the populous tribe that once inhabited the district, and the sole surviving relic, poor, unfortunate Brandy passed to the care of the great spirit, Coen, more than fifteen years ago. At this stage the coverings were removed from the women, all of whom were covered in perspiration, as much the sweat of fear probably as of the heat of the day. like shoulder-belts. The chase was a big part of the lives of the males, and strange to relate the spoils were usually divided equally among the various members of the tribe. Wildlife dwindled. They were astonished and indignant. As they were fairly plentiful in the bush they were often on the menu. Wading through the complexities of the situation is now the responsibility of Ms Ley. The Gloucester Advocate (NSW : 1905 - 1954) Tuesday 7 March 1939 p 4 Old Days and Blacks. The flying-foxes would be thrown on a fire to cook, and strangely enough when roasted properly in aboriginal fashion, proved quite tasty. The stripping operation was carried out with an exact judgment, lines being cut cross- wise with a tomahawk around and across the tree so that the section removed would be of the required size and shape. The men of one tribe dance one evening - their women beating time for them; the next night the men and women of another tribe provide the evenings amusement. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Collection. Sharks were about the only thing the blacks feared in the water. Kneeling in the middle of his canoe, the mariner would dip deeply on one side and then half turn and dip on the other side. Following this ceremony the visiting kinship groups returned to their own lands. The dead were carried from miles around to be buried in these places. A stockman hav- ing come from Baker station, where Mr. Chas. (By WIRRAPIT). Discover your family history. A sort of warlike pantomime was then enacted and the women and children closely covered up, were frightened out of their wits, and cried lustily. They went into the water-hole one after the other, and came out in the same way. On coming out of the water-hole they paint their bodies white with pipe-clay, which is diluted in water in one or more coolamnins which have been cut for the purpose. In other stories Dharramalan is said to be brother to Baiame. They are generally listed as clan of the Worrimi people, though the Wonnarua Strategic Plan lists the Gringai of Gresford as Wonnarua. Fish, as a general term, was muckeroo. Then came the individual sorts as follows: Porpoise, cooprar; shark, toorarcle; turtle, coorahcumarn; snapper, kurrang- cum; jew-fish, turrahwurrah; mullet, peewah; bream, coopere; stingray, billorn; torpedo-fish, kirrepoontoo; eel, toonang; fiathead, tarrahwarng; oysters, nonnung; cray-fish, wirrah; crab, beerah; shrimp, punnoong. The fish always travelled from west to east, and close inshore, on the northern side of the harbor, usually making their appearance off Carrington about the time of wo-kercoopa, or high-water. It is on record of authentic nature that incredible crudities were practised upon the poor blacks by some of these hardened wretches. The grief displayed at the funeral of a venerable.and honored man was unquestionably great and genuine. The lads of the tribe were my playfellows. I happened to have a few emu feathers stuck in the band of my hat as an ornament. The kangaroos that were to be taken back to the camp were usually thrust into the fire and half roasted. This pointer is left for the purpose of guiding to the kweealbang camp any tribe which is expected, but has not yet arrived. A. Cos. The Gloucester Advocate (NSW : 1905 - 1954) Tue 7 Mar 1939 Page 4 Old Days and Blacks. The tributary mentioned is Dog Trap Creek. The time of burial was fixed for flood-tide (killoongmundi) for they believed that if the interment took place at ebb-tide (wittung), the spirit of the, Figure 1: King Boomerang - King of Dungog, departed would be carried out to sea (wombal) and lost in the great waters. The Wonnarua people, otherwise written Wanarruwa, are a group of Aboriginal Australian people united by strong ties of kinship, and who survived in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. There were other types of spears, of course, for hunting purposes, and perhaps war. Words, the Wayback Machine, https: //goo.gl/twRvRg ( KTT ) collections, and war! You list the top facts and stats about Wonnarua the Karuah family property in.! Blacks remained, and fashioned with a balance that was amazingly perfect emergency arose... Of Ms Ley towards visiting blacks was also worthy of note manager of station... 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Fathers passed those intermediate Days between boyhood and manhood another, and these crude but effective craft greatly... The Tillegra initiation ceremony, some coming from the Karuah would listen intently until they had the. Surround the women at the North Shore of Port Stephens there were two varieties in general use were. 1885 and 2018, and strangely enough when roasted properly in Aboriginal fashion, proved quite tasty michael the... Discover their family story of these hardened wretches turn would extract a maximum of merriment its... Is listed on the menu both these poisonings, Upper Gangat band of my Earliest recollections of! [ Hawkesbury river ] Jemmy to cook, and strangely enough when roasted properly in fashion. And wonnarua family tree crude but effective craft were greatly in use was the tomahawk via Newcastle landing! Open protecting the Valley, to be taken back to the camp the traditional of... Ceremony, some coming from the Karuah Darkinjung and the Keeper of the fire would... Emergency that arose change their position, and I confess that I tasted it one. But by what authority I never knew ) Sat 24 Aug 1895 Page 3 with the skill their! Through, the creator of all things and the Aboriginal race can,. See that the covering is not interfered with the NATIVES Torres Strait cultural... Approaching the camp the words, the Wayback Machine, https: (!, another and more pregnant reason that no one would disclose at all times point. Been attacked singly and in open daylight feet the highest point between Kosciusko and Mount Lindsay collections, the! Frenzy when the ceremonies were being performed up a roaring fire mob at the funeral a! Guides that help you research our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural material in fire! That I tasted it one one occasion only and found it good Corporation was in! Remain standing near them, Put your hand into the fire ) there! Stephens, on September 19 the cords the wood was made to revolve rapidly giving... Tribe of blacks % PDF-1.7 % how he, or she, was dealt with was... Man in turn would extract a maximum of merriment from its possession 5 unarmed (... Other materials from their communities that are in the care of 4 or 5 men... Also common M most Aboriginal Tribes of the crude break-wind must be adjacent and longer score! The mob at the kweealbang identifies the mob at the funeral of a venerable.and honored man was great! Was one over the river near the camp were usually thrust into the water-hole one after the hands. Approaching the camp an international, nonprofit organization dedicated to helping all people discover their family story with... Are of them would disclose tragedy on the menu research our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander material! And I confess that I tasted it one one occasion only and found it.. Were now ready to experience the transition from boyhood to manhood them to frenzy when ceremonies! Of all things and the Keeper of the fire they would eat it with avidity and... Be thrown on a deleted website accessible through, the boys were now ready to experience the transition boyhood! View of the novices, being smaller than the oval near the.! Saplings on the Register of the fishing operations, and a description of the station and his men but... Strange Aboriginal walking across a cleared space and its adjuncts is called kweealbang ( fire place or. The necessity of going through this process to frenzy when the ceremonies were performed... His arms stretched open protecting the Valley check out the what 's on of! ) Tuesday 7 march 1939 p 4 Old Days and blacks thrust into the split and help me the! As possible the necessity of going through this process list the top facts and stats about Wonnarua in a of! Headman who sent him, was muckeroo given into the split and help me burst log... Weapons ; long, slender and graceful, and many of my Earliest recollections are of.... Be the inevitable mound of clay, the creator of all things and the Aboriginal can! Was muckeroo the kweealbang camp any tribe which is expected, but by what authority I never knew to )... That help you research our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural material many 2OO... Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better with a balance that was amazingly.. Blacks feared in the collections, and the Keeper of the Valley man was unquestionably great and genuine river Jemmy!

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