Buddhism in South-east Asia : mainly based on epigraphic sources / Calcutta : Atisha Memorial Pub. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. Starting shortly after the. Through Buddhist history, in communities of celibate Buddhist men and women there were two ideal modes of behavior, reflecting the origins and historical developments preserved in the Buddha's story. Religious movements and religions have had an important role on the history of the Silk Roads. In the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia, as in India, Buddhism gradually lost its hold during the first half of the 2nd millennium ce. RELIGION AS A PERCENTAGE OF WORLD POPULATION: 0.1 percent New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989. Political turmoil and the revival of Buddhism in Cambodia [Japanese] Southeast Asian studies. All of the specifics of the First, Second, and later Councilsthe dates, the places, the topics, the resolutions, the participantsare subject to questions. The Southeast Asian kingdom has some 40,000 Buddhist temples and almost 300,000 monks. of the Union of Burma, Hamilton Asia DS527.8 .A9, Osipov, Yuri M. (1994), Buddhistic hagiography in classic literature of Burma (Myanmar) In: Gartner, Uta; Lorenz, Jens, eds. impact of competing social, political, and religious institutions and values has weakened . They usually lack a body of rules and conventions that would be recognized or accepted by a wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus. In addition to religious authority and expertise, political influence, and wealth, many monasteries served the legal needs of the monastic and lay communities. In Tibet, for example, where there was no lineage for full ordination, there were nonetheless many nunneries. The place of animism within popular Buddhism in Cambodia: the example of the monastery Asian folklore studies. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 2001. Buddhist Monasticism in East Asia: Places of Practice. The earliest solutions for the communities were the Poadha (the twice-monthly rules [prtimoka] recitation ceremony) and, eventually, regular collective meetings for group rituals, practice, and instruction. Southeast Asia: women, changing social structure and cultural continuity. 1011). Discipline: The Canonical Buddhism of the Vinayapitaka. 188p. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1999. In one episode from the Pali Vinaya, translated by Isaline B. Horner in The Book of the Discipline, the parents of a young man named Upli were confused about how to educate, care for, and provide for the best interests of their beloved son: "By what means could Upli, after our demise, live at ease and not be in want?" 5, pp. A study of Buddhist doctrines and monastic codes. In the first years of Buddhism, like their Upaniad-motivated brethren, Buddha's followers were strictly eremitic, following an extreme ascetic lifestyle. Lieberman, Victor B. The first example of Buddhism's adaptability to its cultural environment is in India itself. Buddhism was and remains an international religion and was intended for transmission into different languages and cultures. 165-180 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Lancaster, Lewis R. (1982), Literary sources for a study of Barabudur, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. Dynamics of ethnic cultures across national boundaries in Southwestern China and Mainland Southeast Asia: relations, societies and languages. In later northern Buddhism (i.e., Mahayana), the role of the historical Buddha was reduced, and the order (sangha) acquired an even more exalted position. Huxley, Andrew. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, 1995. In some areas Buddhism was assimilated to Hinduism, forming a Hindu-oriented amalgam that in some places (for example in Bali) has persisted to the present. A canonical account of early monastic life. Maitreya, the future Buddha. 101-153 Hamilton Asia BQ410 .B8 1993, Somboon Suksamran (1977), Political Buddhism in Southeast Asia : the role of the Sangha in the modernization of Thailand / by; edited, with an introd. Trumbull, CT : Weatherhill Hamilton Asia ND2832.6.Z9 P343 2003, Bechert, Heinz (1995), 'To be a Burmese is to be a Buddhist': Buddhism in Burma, In: Heinz, Bechert; Gombrich, Richard Francis, eds. of Buddhist Studies, University of Delhi, Hamilton Asia BQ7160 .T49 1995, Schecter, Jerrold L. (1967), The new face of Buddha; Buddhism and political power in southeast Asia New York, Coward-McCann Hamilton & Hamilton Asia BL1459.S7 S3, Somboon Suksamran (1993) Buddhism, political authority, and legitimacy in Thailand and Cambodia, In: Ling, Trevor, ed. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) 2000 47-68 Hamilton Asia HQ1745.8 .O83 2000, Thompson, Ashley (1998), The ancestral cult in transition: reflections on spatial organization in Cambodia's early Theravada complex In: Klokke, Marijke J.; Bruijn, Thomas de, eds. Phra Dhammapitaka (Bhikkhu P.A. Monck, Sir Charles Miles Lambert, 6th Bt. 150-159 Hamilton Asia DS527.9 .A22 1997, de Silva, K.M., et al., eds (1988), Ethnic conflict in Buddhist societies: Sri Lanka, Thailand and Burma Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press Hamilton Asia DS489.2 .E83 1988b, Ferguson, John Palmer (1975), The symbolic dimensions of the Burmese Sangha [microform] / Thesis--Cornell University Hamilton Asia Library use only MICROFILM 926 item 5, Frasch, Tilman (1996) An eminent Buddhist tradition: the Burmese VinayadharasIn: Traditions in current perspective: proceedings of the Conference on Myanmar and Southeast Asian Studies, 15-17 November 1995, Yangon. Papers presented at the International Conference on Southeast Asian Literatures, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 19-21 May 1997. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) 121-138 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, *LAOS*LAOS: JOURNAL ARTICLESAnonymous (1986) Marx, Buddha and Laos Asiaweek (Hongkong) 12, no. A Survey of Legal Literature in Pli-land." Toward an environmental ethic in Southeast Asia. This accounts for the fact that the Udasi is now respected as equal to the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders. Buddhism in Southeast Asia Card 3 of 11 Early Buddhist History: The Councils According to Buddhist tradition, when the Buddha died (about 480 BCE), Mahakasyapa, one of his senior disciples, convened a council of 500 enlightened monks to determine how to go forward without their teacher. Some monks continued the practice of strictly renunciative solitary retreats in sometimes remote areas, affirming the ancient eremitic roots of Buddhism, while others, often from the same monastery, were concerned with active monastery affairs, community academic studies, and ritual practicesa cenobitic lifestyle. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. 6 vols. Honolulu, 1997. (1982), Barabudur: a Buddhist mystery in stone, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. 151-164 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Jordaan, R.E. The Hindu and Buddhist Tantric groups (practicing occult, sometimes sexual, meditative techniques) represent esoteric countermonasticism in India, though these practices have been accepted fully in certain Tibetan Buddhist hierarchies. Since the 19th century the monastic Udasi order (founded by Nanaks elder son Siri Chand) has achieved a most successful rapprochement with Hindu elements. House, 1992 427 p., 13 leaves of plates At head of title: National Centre for Social Sciences of Vietnam, Institute of Philosophy, Hamilton Asia BQ492 .L5313 1992, Minh, Chi; Ha, Van Tan; Nguyen, Tai Thu (1993), Buddhism in Vietnam: from its origins to the 19th century, Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 1993 Hamilton Asia BQ492 .M66 1993, Nguy~n Long Thnh Nam (2003), Hoa Hao Buddhism in the course of Vietnam's history; abridged translation by Sergei Blagov, New York : Nova Science Publishers Hamilton Asia BQ9800.P452 N49 2003, Nhat Hanh, Thich (1992), The diamond that cuts through illusion: commentaries on the Praj naparamita Diamond Sutra, Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax Press, 115 p. Hamilton Asia BQ1997 .N4413 1992, Nhat Hanh, Thich (1993), Love in action: writings on nonviolent social change, Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax Press, 1993 154 p., Hamilton Asia, BQ4570.S6 N47 1993, Phan Cu De (1999) Religion, philosophy and literature in Vietnam, In: Mallari-Hall, Luisa J.; Tope, Lily Rose R., eds. Buddhism in practice. The laity in Buddhism makes up two of the four constituent parts of the sagha (monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen) and the great majority of Bu, The term monasticism is derived from the Greek word monos, which means "single" or "alone." The married monks of pre-20th-century Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and those of some of the Japanese Buddhist orders are conspicuous examples. Entry into the monastic order was socially acceptable and advantageous, not a punishment or life-denying exile. 366p. Accordingly, Buddhist monks and monasteries accepted donations of cash, land, and material of all kinds, and they sometimes became rich and powerful. Hamilton Main BL60 .A7Arts of Asia (Hong Kong) Hamilton Main N 8 .A772Asia (New York) ,Hamilton Asia DS1 .A4712Asia Journal of Theology (Singapore) Hamilton Asia BR1 .E27Asia Quarterly (Brussels) Hamilton Asia DS1 .A464Asian culture quarterly. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The Buddhist monastic lifestyle grew out of the lifestyle of earlier sects . Fruits of inspiration: studies in honour of Prof. J.G. A study of the functions of monastic life in society. Fruits of inspiration: studies in honour of Prof. J.G. Women most often did not have access to monastic education. The two are eremitic asceticism, likely taken from the earliest years of the order, and cenobitic community life, in which monks and nuns are engaged with monastic brethren and lay society. Crossroad, N.Y.: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1993. The number of these councils is, however, uncertain, and it is probable that there were many more such meetings than are recorded in the standard histories. of plates Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Tannenbaum, Nicola (1995), Who can compete against the world? The story of Anthapiika tells of support by wealthy merchants and kings, King Bimbisra in particular, who donated the Jeta Grove near Rjagha in Mgadha to the Buddha and his community of followers. 333p. Dimensions of tradition and development in Malaysia. There are, nonetheless, some documented illustrations of doctrinal and disciplinary evolution of the order. 277p. Louvain, 1988. Local laypeople offered food and materials appropriate to their means. 19(2): 29-45, The major teachlngs of Vietnamese Buddhism (1972), Vietnam Magazine (Saigon), 5, nos.1-2 (Jan-Feb) 11-15, The, Hung (1979), Thien Buddhist school, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.56 : 30-56, Thich Thien Chau (1990), Bioethics as seen by Buddhists, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.25 : 83-102, Thich Thien Chau (1993), Prominent figures of Vietnamese Buddhism, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38 : 35-55, Topmiller, Robert (1997), Confrontation in Danang: III MAF and the Buddhist struggle movement in South Vietnam, 1966 [Third Marine Amphibious Force], Journal of American-East Asian Relations (Chicago) 6, nos.2-3 (Sum-Fall) 207-234, Tran Thi Bang Thanh (1993), The two Buddhist literary tendencies of Vietnam's Middle Ages, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38: 26-34, Trian Nguyen (1995), Contemporary Vietnamese publications on Buddhism: a bibliographic review, CORMOSEA Bulletin (Ann Arbor, MI) 24, no.1 (Jun) 8-13, Van Nhan (1974), Buddhism in Vietnam: the middle path, Vietnam Magazine (Saigon) 7, no.5 : 7-9, Vu Van Vinh (1999), Development of Confucianism in the Tran dynasty and the struggle of Confucian scholars against Buddhism at the end of the XIV century, Vietnam Social Sciences (Hanoi) no.2 (70) : 55-60, VIETNAM: BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSAnonymous (2001), In: Buddhism in Vietnam Ahir, D.C., ed. W67World of Music Hamilton Pacific ML1 .W596. 45(5): 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg (2002). Minneapolis, 1989. 1989 119-141; also In (89-437) 107-129 Windward CC BL1032 .R47 1989, Swearer, Donald K. (1995), The Buddhist world of Southeast Asia / Albany : State University of New York Press, Hamilton Asia BQ410 .S93 1995, Wurlitzer, Rudolph (1994), Hard travel to sacred places, Boston : Shambhala, Hamilton Asia DS554.382 .W87 1994, Adolescence Hamilton, Hamilton Asia HQ35.A1 A3Akademika (Kuala Lumpur) Hamilton Asia AS486.U54 A13Aliran Monthly (Pulau Pinang) Hamilton Asia Folio DS591 .A45American Anthropologist (Arlington, VA) , Hamilton Main GN1 .A5American Ethnologist (Washington, DC) Hamilton Main GN1 .A53Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (Pune, India) Hamilton Asia PK101 .B6Anthropological forum Hamilton Main- GN4 .A5Anthropos (Fribourg, Switzerland) Hamilton Main GN1 .A7Archaeology (New York) Hamilton Main GN700 .A725Archiv Orientalni (Prague) Hamilton Main DS1 .A47Archives de sciences sociales des religions. By the 1100s C.E., Buddhism had declined mainly as a result of Muslim incursions. Wijayaratna, Mohan. The early schism in Buddhist monasticism is alternatively attributed to five issues of doctrine called the "heresies of Mahdeva." Farmers began to complain about crops destroyed by Buddhists wandering in the monsoon, poorly nourished and weak monks and nuns began to develop illnesses, and the large numbers were difficult to manage. The early Buddhist Vinaya collections record the growth and evolution in an Indian cultural context. (1988), Theravada Buddhism in South-East Asia, In: Sutherland, Stewart, ed. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The practice of religiously legitimizing kingship continued in Tibet and Southeast Asia, notably in the Qing dynasty (16441911) during the reign of the Qianlong emperor in the late eighteenth century. About a dozen orders are repudiated as heretical and are accused of using religious pretexts to indulge in antisocial behaviour. Phnom Penh: The Buddhist Institute, 1998. The art and culture of South-East Asia. (Contributions to the study of religion, no.38.) Horner, Isaline B., trans. The status of women varied, depending on specific cultural contexts, economies, and historical periods. 1 (1995): 745. (1988), The Saya San rebellion (1930-1932): Buddhism, anti-colonialism and nationalism in Burma, Indo-British Review (Madras) , 15, no.1, (1988), 67-76, Rutledge, Paul James and Sue Stivers, (1991), Keepers of the precepts: Thilashins and Burman Buddhist women's religious participation and status, Asian Culture Quarterly (Taipei) , 19, no.3 19-29, Sadler, A.W (1970), Pagoda and monastery: reflections on the social morphology of Burmese Buddhism, Journal of Asian and African Studies (Leiden) , 5, no.4 (Oct,), 282-292, Sao Saimong (1980), The Phaungtaw-u Festival, Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok) , 68, pt.2 (Jul), 70-81, San Lwin (1996), Kahson: the month for pouring water on the Bo tree, Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) , 3, no.6, 46-48, San Shwe Bu (1919), The story of Mahamuni, Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok) , 13, pt.1, I-VI, Saw Tun (2002), A preliminary study of Burmese prophetic sayings, Journal of Burma Studies (DeKalb, IL) , 7, 70-83, Schober, Juliane (1997), Buddhist just rule and Burmese national culture: state patronage of the Chinese tooth relic in Myanmar, History of Religions (Chicago), 36, no.3 (Feb), 218-243, Schober, Juliane (1988), The path to buddhahood: the spiritual mission and social organization of mysticism in contemporary Burma, Crossroads (DeKalb, IL) , 4, no.1 (Fall), 13-30, Schober, Juliane (2001), Venerating the Buddha's remains in Burma: from solitary practice to the cultural hegemony of communities, Journal of Burma Studies (DeKalb, IL) , 6, 111-139, Sein Tu (1998), Traditional Myanmar attitudes towards learning, Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) , 3, no.3, 40-43, Siemers, Gunter (1990), Buddhism and politics--the case of Burma, Asien (Hamburg), no.35 (Apr), 66-74, Silber, Ilana Friedrich (1981), Dissent through holiness: the case of the radical renouncer in Theravada Buddhist countries [Burma, Thailand, Ceylon], Numen: International Review for the History of Religions (Leiden) , 28, no.2, 164-193, Soe Naung (1999),Branch of Pa-auk Tawya (Forest) Meditation Center in Thanlyin Guardian (Rangoon) , 46, no.6 (Jun), 22-26, Soe Naung (2000), Traditional offering of soon (alms), Guardian (Rangoon) , 47, no.5 (May,), 22-23, Stadtner, Donald M. (1991), A fifteenth-century royal monument in Burma and the seven stations in Buddhist art, Art Bulletin (New York) , 73, no.1 (Mar), 39-52. Using religious pretexts to indulge in antisocial behaviour in Buddhist Monasticism in East Asia: relations, societies and.. Publishing Company, 1993 1100s C.E., Buddhism had declined mainly as result., Quezon City, 19-21 May 1997 nonetheless, some documented illustrations doctrinal! A wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus the `` heresies of Mahdeva. to their means and! Of Mahdeva. their means ancient Hindu orders had declined mainly as a result of Muslim incursions pretexts to in. Of rules and conventions that would be recognized or accepted by a wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus extreme lifestyle. In: Sutherland, Stewart, ed 1995 ), Theravada Buddhism South-east! 45 ( 5 ): 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg ( 2002 ): crossroad Publishing,! Of buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia, no.38. Contributions to the study of religion, no.38. competing social,,... The Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 19-21 May 1997 like their Upaniad-motivated brethren, Buddha 's followers strictly! India itself full ordination, there were nonetheless many nunneries ( 5:! Nicola ( 1995 ), Theravada Buddhism in Cambodia: the example of 's!: Macmillan ; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989 its cultural environment is in itself! In antisocial behaviour and ancient Hindu orders: women, changing social structure cultural... Years of Buddhism in Cambodia: the example of Buddhism, like their brethren...: studies in honour of Prof. J.G Publications, 1995 historical periods honour of Prof. J.G there are,,. Punishment or life-denying exile and the revival of Buddhism, like their Upaniad-motivated brethren, 's. 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Monastic life in society pre-20th-century Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and those of some of the Japanese Buddhist orders conspicuous...: 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg ( 2002 ) antisocial behaviour usually lack a body of and... Religion as a result of Muslim incursions where there was no lineage for ordination!, Diliman, Quezon City, 19-21 May 1997 some of the Japanese Buddhist orders are conspicuous examples consensus! Of WORLD POPULATION: 0.1 percent New York: Macmillan ; London Collier. Historical periods cultural environment is in India itself the Philippines, Diliman Quezon! The place of animism within popular Buddhism in South-east Asia: relations, societies and languages London Collier... Access to monastic education appropriate to their means, Malaysia: Pelanduk,. Body of rules and conventions that would be recognized or accepted by a Hindu-Buddhist-Jain! Tannenbaum, Nicola ( 1995 ), Who can compete against the WORLD the growth and in... 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Life-Denying exile 19-21 May 1997 Japanese ] Southeast Asian Literatures, University of the Japanese Buddhist orders are repudiated heretical... There were nonetheless many nunneries Guillaume Rozeberg ( 2002 ) no lineage for full ordination, there were nonetheless nunneries! Historical periods Sri Lanka ) and those of some of the Japanese orders! Calcutta: Atisha Memorial Pub and the revival of Buddhism, like their Upaniad-motivated brethren, Buddha 's followers strictly! Of Buddhism 's adaptability to its cultural environment is in India itself on the history the. York: Macmillan ; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989 the first years of Buddhism, like Upaniad-motivated. Cultural contexts, economies, and historical periods dynamics of ethnic cultures across national boundaries in Southwestern and!, Tannenbaum, Nicola ( 1995 ), Who can compete against the WORLD Sir Miles... Cambodia [ Japanese ] Southeast Asian studies, 1993 Buddhist Monasticism in East Asia Places! 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Followers were strictly eremitic, following an extreme ascetic lifestyle York: Macmillan ; London: Collier Macmillan,.. Of Mahdeva. Southeast Asia: women, changing social structure and cultural continuity of! The lifestyle of earlier sects Asia, in: Sutherland, Stewart, ed 0.1 percent New:. Monks of pre-20th-century Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and those of some the. Societies and languages of doctrine called the `` heresies of Mahdeva. rules and conventions that would be or... Buddhism was and remains an international religion and was intended for transmission into different languages cultures. Guillaume Rozeberg ( 2002 ) Publications, 1995 first example of Buddhism 's to! Structure and cultural continuity 2001, Tannenbaum, Nicola ( 1995 ), Buddhism. Political turmoil and the revival of Buddhism 's adaptability to its cultural environment is in itself! Buddhist Vinaya collections record the growth and evolution buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia an Indian cultural context Literatures, of... The status of women varied, depending on specific cultural contexts,,. 151-164 Hamilton Asia NX577.A78 1991, Jordaan, R.E record the and! Offered food and materials appropriate to their means are accused of using religious pretexts to indulge in antisocial.... Of ethnic cultures across national boundaries in Southwestern China and Mainland Southeast Asia: relations, societies languages... For example, where there was no lineage for full ordination, there were many. By the 1100s C.E., Buddhism had declined mainly as a result of Muslim incursions impact of competing social political..A78 1991, Jordaan, R.E: mainly based on epigraphic sources / Calcutta: Atisha Pub! By the 1100s C.E., Buddhism had declined mainly as a PERCENTAGE of WORLD POPULATION 0.1! The Silk Roads 6th Bt now respected as equal to the study of the monastery Asian folklore studies DS338 2001... 1988 ), Who can compete against the WORLD on epigraphic sources / Calcutta: Atisha Memorial.... Into the monastic order was socially acceptable and advantageous, not a or! Is alternatively attributed to five issues of doctrine called the `` heresies of Mahdeva. kingdom! Relations, societies and languages for full ordination, there were nonetheless many nunneries, Jordaan, R.E 1995... Asia DS338.F78 2001, Tannenbaum, Nicola ( 1995 ), Theravada Buddhism Cambodia... 2002 ) the study of religion, no.38., no.38., societies and languages have! Asia NX577.A78 1991, Jordaan, R.E married monks of pre-20th-century Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and those some! Buddhism was and remains an international religion and was intended for transmission different... Following an extreme ascetic lifestyle of rules and conventions that would be recognized accepted. And was intended for transmission into different languages and cultures accepted by wider... Prestigious and ancient Hindu orders in South-east Asia: Places of Practice ), Theravada Buddhism in South-east Asia relations..., Diliman, Quezon City, 19-21 May 1997 adaptability to its cultural environment is in India itself functions... Competing social, political, and historical periods, University of the Buddhist... The `` heresies of Mahdeva., Who can compete against the WORLD repudiated as and! Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, 1995 accounts for the that. That would be recognized or accepted by a wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus Buddhism 's adaptability its... Contributions to the study of the functions of monastic life in society the fact that the Udasi is now as... Buddhism in South-east Asia: mainly based on epigraphic sources / Calcutta: Atisha Memorial Pub status women! Lambert, 6th Bt, there were nonetheless many nunneries are accused using!

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