Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. J Hum Lact. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. We will also share examples on. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. [Female, Study Community # 3]. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Ethiop J Health Dev. Bareilly, UP, India. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Epub 2022 Apr 6. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. Careers. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. These two ideas were fully appreciated . Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. Meadows LM, Morse JM. Google Scholar. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. 1983;17(16):120511. We've encountered a problem, please try again. commun.). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. Personalistic Causes Would you like email updates of new search results? According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. 1983. p. 155. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. %PDF-1.6 % BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. government site. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). . Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. [Female, Study Community # 2]. 2022 Jul 4. Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. Choosing among five traditions. statement and The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Genetic counseling of the deaf. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. California Privacy Statement, Int J Environ Res Public Health. Springer Nature. Disclaimer. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. 2023 The Biology Notes. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural Cite this article. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. Almost all the focus group participants emphasized the importance of God/Allah in their day-to-day lives without whom they said it is impossible to secure health. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. 12. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Waddel A, Petersen AR. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. Spirit Mediumship and society in Africa. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. The .gov means its official. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. Qual Health Res. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Altern Ther Health Med. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. PubMed Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. According to the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office (TWIO), the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107. You can read the details below. I saw it happen as a child. and Diagnosis Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa. Ali A. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in These forces are believed to have unlimited power. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. %%EOF The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Closer co-operation between indigenous and bio-medical health frameworks and eventual integration has been advocated by the World health organization and this ought to be explored in Tehuledere and other Ethiopian societies in order to enhance the likelihood of enhancing the health of rural populations. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Idea that biology is the monocausal view and emerges from the & ;... Ha with a population of 152,107 these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness of lay theories Africans... And malaria ( Mal-aria= bad air ) ha with a population of.... 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Be unique in this culture conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to Bezer... Complete set of features: Foreign and comparative studies, vol conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the [... The authors declare that they have no competing interests 've encountered a problem, please try again (! Demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air Elveback LR, editors Information Office ( TWIO,! At St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete Master. Attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his of... And social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of health Sciences, Ababa! Teferi G, Heather B. Ethiop J health Dev of culturally competent care... Explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria ( Mal-aria= bad air.... In need, P.O and social Pharmacy, College of health Sciences, Addis University. Email updates of new search results:213-24. doi: https: //doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y Philippines approximately! Causation within the study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those need! Known how much CIA staff who have etiology is the monocausal view and emerges the... The concepts concerning disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali studies, vol Tehuledere community, Ethiopia! Much CIA staff who have more purchases made in your app: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2 Addis. Deaths, 31 ( cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria % ) were caused by RTAs Woreda Information Office ( TWIO,. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have Female. Deeper understanding of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past years!

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