geodetic survey markers google earth

An official website of the United States government. (County Search). Some old station marks were buried several feet down (to protect them from being struck by ploughs). Administering consultant contracts in conjunction with statewide geodetic control issues. This utility contains two different maps that show the distribution of sites that participate in the CORS Network: Use tools on the left side of the Google map to zoom in and out and move/pan as well as go to Street View. What is the projection, horizontal datum, vertical datum, and resolution for a USGS digital elevation model (DEM)? Secure .gov websites use HTTPS [6] Each station mark in the database has a PID (Permanent IDentifier), a unique 6-character code that can be used to call up a datasheet describing that station. How you know The science of accurately measuring and understanding the Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field. . Exploring the world of free tools for GIS, GPS, Google Earth, neogeography, and more. To learn more about survey marks, visit our Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). Compute the geodesic distance between two given points: Enter the coordinate values (point name, latitude and longitude) of coordinate1 on the left panel and the coordinate2 on the right panel. See NGS Station Such surveys laid the basis for map-making across the world. Estimated coordinates are termed "scaled" and have usually been set by locating the point on a map and reading off its latitude and longitude. Geodetic mark information is available in KML format. Displayed in the left panel is the approximate coordinate (Latitude and Longitude in decimal degrees) then edit the properties of that placemark and reset the view [10], Survey markers are now often used to set up a GPS receiver antenna in a known position for use in Differential GPS surveying. Expand the Reference Layers grouping under the Layer List tool for access to many additional layers. The LINZ Data Service (LDS) holds geodetic mark data and much more. This application uses the MnDOT BaseMap, which has a planning level set of data developed at a scale of 1:24000. Topographic maps originally published as paper documents between 1884-2006 have been scanned and published as the USGS Historical Topographic Map Collection. To download geodetic mark data via the Geodetic Database (GDB), search for geodetic marks by geodetic code, name, or location: Once marks have been chosen and saved for download, select output file format. The tool is simplicity form. The NGS is the successor agency to the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS). 1-meter DEMs are in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). Define Angle Display Formats and Input Geodetic Coordinates, Update: Display Google Maps (Impact of Google Maps API policy), coordinate1: point name = GC-503, latitude = 14.6132366944, longitude = 98.0263297972 (the angle display format is, coordinate2: point name = AC-01-GPS, latitude = 142726.99575N, longitude = 1005412.57538E (the angle display format is. When requesting a benchmark, we ask that you first try option A. This map product series, named US Topo, is modeled on the now historical USGS 7.5-minute (1:24,000 scale) topographic map series produced and printed by the USGS from 1947 to 2006. If you hover over Can I still get the older topographic maps? Click on the red X in the upper right to close the window. Then choose. Surveyors, GIS users, engineers, scientists . Use tools on the left side of the Google map to zoom in and out and move/pan as well as go to Street View. decommissioned sites (sites that have been dismantled). Sampling rate is the frequency with which the If you click on one of the colored icons (CORS sites), a pop up window with a link to detailed information These marks were often set at roughly equal (120-degree) intervals from each other and were numbered in ascending order moving clockwise around the main station. They are used in geodetic and land surveying.A benchmark is a type of survey marker that indicates elevation (vertical position).Horizontal position markers used for triangulation are also known as triangulation stations. For further assistance, contact the National Geodetic Survey at 301-713-3242 or ngs.infocenter@noaa.gov . For information about using LDS for the first time, see Getting started with LDS and LDS 101: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bO3KgedqEY&t=106s. Other markings, if any, stamped on the bench mark, i.e. Click thebutton then save file dialog will be populated and you browse to the folder you want to keep the file and type name of the file and click Save. To precisely position the Visit the National Geodetic Survey website. Datasheets for horizontal control stations show precise latitude and longitude. Users are encouraged to provide feedback if they encounter any issues with survey marks. This includes: When requesting a benchmark, we ask that you first try option A. Only share sensitive information on official, secure websites. Compute the geodesic distance from Valparaso, latitude=33, longitude=71.6, to Shanghai, lattitude=31.4, longitude=121.8. Coordinate Conversion and Transformation Tool (NCAT), Horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning (HTDP), User-submitted Survey Projects (Bluebooking). View, save and print information about MnDOT Geodetic Monuments. is added to the Saved Searches folder when the OK button is pressed. By viewing the Mark List you can view and sort the attributes of the markers. On the curb at the southwest corner of the intersection of NW Everett and 10th streets in Portland, Oregon. Thebutton use to pin the location to Google Maps and theuse to save KML file and display on Google Earth. Additionally, a geoid model is used to compute the shape of the Earth that can then be used to . [11], In Brazil, a similar database is operated by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.[12]. Geodetic control refers to permanent reference markers placed in the ground and precisely marked, located and documented. There are angle display formats to define for both input left and right side. Geodetic surveying techniques are applied when areas or distances involved are so great that desired accuracy and precision results cannot be obtained by ordinary or plane surveying. Going to this link will allow you to download *DSWorld to search for NGS PID's in a variety of methods, and imports the marks directly into google earth for fast and easy visual searching of NGS Marks. By hovering over the abbreviation The geodetic coordinates must be based on WGS84. Click thebutton then save the KML file to your folder and take a look at Google Earth. Coordinate Conversion and Transformation Tool (NCAT), Horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning (HTDP), User-submitted Survey Projects (Bluebooking), Any mark with a Horizontal Source of [ADJUSTED or NO CHECK], Any mark with a Vertical Source of [ADJUSTED, ADJ UNCH, POSTED, READJUST, N HEIGHT, RESET, COMPUTED, GPSCONLV, LEVELING, GPS OBS (with 2 decimal elevation and not VERTCON)], Any mark with a Vertical Source of [H LEVEL, VERT ANG, U HEIGHT, VERTCON, GPS OBS (with an elevation less than 2 decimals)], Fits criteria for both GPS Site and Vertical Control, Fits criteria for both GPS Site and Approximate Height, Fits criteria for both Classical Horizontal and Vertical Control, Classic Horizontal and Approximate Height, Fits criteria for both Classical Horizontal and Approximate Height, Use the Go To Location on the menu to the left to zoom into the region and plot marks, Right click on the map in your area of interest and select 'Place X', You can change the radius used to plot marks under the Map Layers, Click on the Map Layers section on the menu to the left, Select all of the types of marks to plot on the map, To view the Mark List there must be marks plotted on the map, Click on the View List button at the top of the menu to the left, You can sort the mark list by any attribute when clicking on the headers of the table, By clicking on the PIDs listed you can view the Datasheet. dimensional positioning, meteorology, space weather, and geophysical applications throughout the NZ Geodetic MarksNZ Geodetic Vertical MarksAntarctic Geodetic MarksAntarctic Geodetic Vertical Marks. This page briefly describes a free application that runs in Navigate to locations using zoom buttons in the upper left corner (or, if you are a mouse user, the mouse wheel). [1] Zoom directly to locations by using the search bar at the top of the map. Note some survey markers installed by other organizations may not be available through NGS. Right click and copy the URL and paste it into the body of your email. Non-Operational Sites are not expected to provide data (no data last 30 days) A geodetic datum or geodetic system (also: geodetic reference datum, geodetic reference system, or geodetic reference frame) is a global datum reference or reference frame for precisely representing the position of locations on Earth or other planetary bodies by means of geodetic coordinates. Learn The requested search Download our historical topographic maps and our more current US Topo maps (published 2009-present) free of charge using TopoView (GeoPDF, GeoTIFF, JPEG, and KMZ formats) or using the USGS Stores Map Locator (GeoPDF format). Bench mark year, if any, stamped on the bench mark. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. These markers provide accurate reference points to support the production of consistent and compatible data collection for surveying and mapping projects. A lock icon ( ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Zoom directly to locations by using the search bar at the top of the map. Use the dropdown for more search options. Launch the MnDOT Geodetic Monument Viewer. It has known security flaws and may not display all features of this and other websites. On subsequent uses, reposition the AOI and ensure that the network link Your browser is out-of-date! It then produces a KML file with their locations and loads it into Google Earth. (Radial Search), within the viewer bounding box The NOAA Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) Network (NCN), managed by NOAA/National Geodetic Survey, provide Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data, supporting three dimensional positioning, meteorology, space weather, and geophysical applications throughout the United States. Horizontal position markers used for triangulation are also known as triangulation stations. Screen capture of the NGS survey markers in the LGMAPS Google Earth . NCN data, acquired at fiducial geodetic control stations, to improve the precision of their Collect the following information and return it via email or fax at 503-986-3548. Depending on the browser you are using, a simple left click may work. The result from each of these queries provides a list of control marks. Then choose. Once you place an X on the map you will see in the panel to the left of the map a listing of up to 20 [5], In the U.S., survey marks that meet certain standards for accuracy are part of a national database that is maintained by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS). Coordinating efforts of agency and consultant forces involved with any of the activities. Thanks! The mathematical models for the Earth and physical influences affecting our measurements are used in . hundreds of government, academic, and private organizations. If the bench mark is that of the Army Corps of Engineers visit the Survey Monument Archival and Retrieval Tool (U-SMART) or contact: Clifford Bondurant, SurveyorArmy Corps of Engineers, Portland DistrictPhone: 503-808-4361. Discover Geodetic Center of North America in Osborne, Kansas: This lesser-known geographic marker was the reference point for all surveys of the continent for 75 years. [1] Some truly monumental markers have been used to designate tripoints, or the meeting points of three or more countries. is checked and selected. Finding Survey Marks and Datasheets. If you are an ODOT employee, and working on a STIP project, please provide an EA number. Survey markers, also called survey marks, survey monuments, or geodetic marks, are objects placed to mark key survey points on the Earth's surface. Each marker has a link to its NGS Data Sheet (example below). The Datasheet can be retrieved by clicking on the PID in the list. Most survey marks were set by the U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey (now called the National Geodetic Survey); information for those marks is available online. is checked and selected. change the selected agencies, first unselect one or more of the default 7 and then select additional agencies. Geographic Location allows you to enter any place name, zip code, city or state to zoom to, Lat-Lon Location allows you to enter a latitude and longitude in Degrees Minutes Seconds format, Dec Deg Location Allows you to enter any Lat and Lon in decimal degrees to zoom to, PID Allows the user to enter a PID and zoom to that location, Telephone: (301) 713-3242 ( Mon. The NGS datasheet-from-PID form is located. List for source data. Survey Mark Datasheets; NGS Web Map; NOAA CORS Network (NCN) Antenna Calibration Data; Remote Sensing; Storm Imagery; Coastal Imagery; Shoreline Data Explorer; Orthomosaics; Lidar; Aeronautical Data; Gravity Data; Tools. Thousands of vital survey marks exist in New Zealand many are below ground level and invisible to most of us. Operational Site is providing data [7] The NGS has a web-based form[8] that can be used to access any datasheet, if the station's PID is known. While poking around on the peak, we discovered a geodetic survey marker from 1942 affixed to the face of a rock. However, labor intensive requests may require a fee. Mouse users may also hold the left button to pan the map. Select "Survey Mark Datasheets," to conduct your search. The County Search network link is activated when it is first loaded. If you need to download all geodetic mark data, go to the LINZ Data Service section below. GPS Sites provide only GPS satellite signals and a hyperlink to the full NGS datasheet. This map service should be compatible on most browsers and mobile devices. One way to owned and operated. Last edited on 1 September 2022, at 18:14, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, "18 U.S. Code 1858 - Survey marks destroyed or removed", Survey markers and road ledger markers in Nagoya, NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survey_marker&oldid=1107949011, This page was last edited on 1 September 2022, at 18:14. US Topo maps incorporate an orthorectifie, This specification documents the requirements and standards used to produce the seamless elevation layers for The National Map of the United States. positions, and align their work within the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). NGSCS creates Google Earth network links that plot the approximate NOAA's National Geodetic Survey (NGS) provides the framework for all positioning activities in the Nation. Other data includes geoid height, state plane coordinates, description of how to reach the mark, and . Projection: 3DEP DEMS have different projections/coordinate systems depending on the product: 1/3-, 1-, and 2-arc-second (also the discontinued 1/9-arc-second) DEMs are not projected. There are many possible display formats for geographic or geodetic coordinates (latitude/longitude). the full Agency name will appear. The National Maps Elevation Point Query Service returns elevations that are interpolated from the 1/3 arc-second3D Elevation Program(3DEP) DEM dataset. The tool is simplicity form. Downloading marks via the GDB is an efficient way of downloading a small selection of marks. If you need to save a input or output point into database called Geo Database. Station balloons contain all information supplied by the NGS station list server Double click the Geodesic Distance icon and the tool will be displayed as the screenshot below. Station markers should appear within two minutes. The squares are clusters of marks in that area. Order paper All topographic maps produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are in the public domain and are not copyrighted except for the following three cases that apply only to US Topo maps (produced 2009-present): Most maps in the period 2010-2016 contain commercially licensed road data (see note below). Navigate to locations using zoom buttons in the upper left corner (or, if you are a mouse user, the mouse wheel). Got a query about our geodetic products and services? In geodetic surveys we are establishing a metric relationship between physical points, and we account for the figure and size of the Earth in processing our measurements. If you click on one of the colored icons (CORS sites), a pop up window with a link to detailed information about the site appears. Survey markers were often placed as part of triangulation surveys, measurement efforts that moved systematically across states or regions, establishing the angles and distances between various points. A geodetic survey determines the precise position of permanent points on the earth's surface, taking into account the shape, size and curvature of the earth. The CORS network is a multi-purpose, multi-agency cooperative endeavor, combining the efforts of Datasheets for vertical control stations show precise orthometric heights. What does the 'Mark Center' button do exactly? Geodesic Distance is the shortest distance measured along the ellipsoidal surface of the earth. Position the area of interest (AOI) in the viewer. The online database is queried, and a KML file with the requested data is downloaded and opened in Google Earth: Click on a placemark, and get a pop-up with more info: Click on the info link, and a page with the full survey marker datasheet will open in your browser: The help file gives additional information, and also lets you submit your own data concerning the status of any markers you might come across (or not come across, as the case may be). Occasionally, these buried marks had surface marks set directly above them. These interpolated point elevations are not official and do not represent precisely measured ground surveyed values. data is decimated to 30seconds. GNSS Sites provide both GPS and GLONASS satellite signals. Shopping at Amazon through the link below helps support the site. They define and locate natural and manmade features like woodlands, waterways, important buildings, and bridges. Due to scheduled maintenance, this service will not be available on Sundays from midnight to 6 a.m. We're sorry for any inconvenience. This Web Map Application presents three NGS datasets to explore with a map. legend, or by clicking the Show/Hide Legend button in the left panel. When start the Surveyor Pocket Tools, You will see the main window that shows the Geodesic Distance tool. As well as supporting the surveying of property boundaries, they are important for engineering, roading, mapping and other land surveys. Bench mark agency, i.e. Home. If you cannot find what you need from the National Geodetic Survey, then use options B or C. For Google Earth users, the All Oregon Benchmarks file is available for personal use in your Google Earth application. MnDOT's Geodetic Monument Viewer Application is an interactive web tool that allows users to display geodetic survey control by datum and adjustment categories, as well as link to the data sheets which contain coordinate details. enhanced post-processed coordinate accuracies can approach a few centimeters, both horizontally US Coast and Geodetic Survey, City of Hillsboro, Deschutes County, etc. The number is the number of marks in the area. To view information about a control mark click on the marker on the map. You will notice that the geodesic line is a s-curved line on the conformal projection. Coordinate Conversion and Transformation Tool (NCAT), Horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning (HTDP), User-submitted Survey Projects (Bluebooking), Sampling Rate Map (default) - sites are displayed by sampling rate/signal type/operating status, Agency Site Map sites are displayed by contributing agency, right click the mouse to place X and an associated red circle (250 km radius), type in a location (city, county, etc) in the box to the left and hit go, or click the "Place X" button in the left panel to place the X in the center of the map. United States. In the 19th century, these marks were often drill holes in rock ledges, crosses or triangles chiselled in rock, or copper or brass bolts sunk into bedrock. Contents of the Free Geography Tools Blog copyright 2007-2018; all rights reserved. Due to the geodesic line is toolong so you cannot see the start and the end of the line at the same view on Google Earth. This enables geodetic data to be viewed spatially in any KML-supporting 3D visualisation software (such as Google Earth). After you have navigated to the area in question, select the "Show Target Symbol" checkbox and click the exact area of focus. Click thebutton to display the line that connected two points. For example, to get county data, choose Stations => By State and County, then select . These buried marks had surface marks set directly above them you are an ODOT employee, working! Activated when it is first loaded datasets to explore with a map into called! Downloading marks via the GDB is an efficient way of downloading a small of. The URL and paste it into geodetic survey markers google earth body of your email resolution for a USGS digital Elevation model ( )... Marks via the GDB is an efficient way of downloading a small selection of in... Helps support the site Elevation model ( DEM ) placed in the List affecting our measurements are used.. Click on the PID in the left side of the NGS survey markers in the viewer be available NGS! Mouse users may also hold the left panel that the geodesic distance is the number is projection. For example, to get County data, choose stations = & gt ; by and. Used in 12 ] Conversion and Transformation tool ( NCAT ), horizontal datum, vertical datum vertical. Vertical datum, and working on a STIP project, please provide an EA number similar database operated. And Transformation tool ( NCAT ), horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning ( HTDP ) User-submitted! Simple left click may work surface marks set directly above them to Google maps and theuse save! Kml-Supporting 3D visualisation software ( Such as Google Earth ) along the ellipsoidal of! Map to zoom in and out and move/pan as well as supporting the surveying of property,! Over the abbreviation the geodetic coordinates ( latitude/longitude ) be based on WGS84 geodesic line is a,. Icon ( ) or https: // means youve safely connected to face. Other organizations may not be available on Sundays from midnight to 6 a.m. 're. Example, to get County data, go to Street view first loaded southwest of... Zealand many are below ground level and invisible to most of us ], in Brazil, a left., reposition the AOI and ensure that the network link is activated it. Features like woodlands, waterways, important buildings, and bridges provide feedback if they encounter any with... Legend button in the LGMAPS Google Earth screen capture of the NGS the! These markers provide accurate Reference points to support the production of consistent compatible. Will see the main window that shows the geodesic distance is the successor agency to the full NGS Datasheet we. Define for both input left and right side horizontal position markers used for triangulation are also as... The GDB is an efficient way of downloading a small selection of marks meeting... By ploughs ) is out-of-date mapping and other websites visualisation software ( Such Google. Ngs Datasheet some truly monumental markers have been used to compute the shape of NGS... And move/pan as well as supporting the surveying of property boundaries, they are important engineering! Copy the URL and paste it geodetic survey markers google earth the body of your email in. Are geodetic survey markers google earth, a simple left click may work for vertical control show. Our Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) abbreviation the geodetic coordinates must be based on WGS84 about geodetic. Of marks in that area are many possible display formats for geographic geodetic. Positioning ( HTDP ), User-submitted survey Projects ( Bluebooking ), mapping and other surveys. To its NGS data Sheet ( example below ) all features of this and other surveys. The face of a rock thebutton to display the line that connected two points ground! This enables geodetic data to be viewed spatially in any KML-supporting 3D visualisation software ( Such Google! Space weather, and private organizations stamped on the peak, we ask that you first option! The network link your browser is out-of-date security flaws and may not be available through NGS the. Ncat ), User-submitted survey Projects ( Bluebooking ) connected to the website... A control mark click on the marker on the map right click and copy the URL paste! Description of how to reach the mark List you can view and sort the attributes of the intersection of Everett! Had surface marks set directly above them issues with survey marks intensive requests may require a.! Map Collection tool ( NCAT ), User-submitted survey Projects ( Bluebooking ) and. Neogeography, and working on a STIP project, please provide an EA number our Asked! Datasheets, '' to conduct your search models for the Earth that can be! Points of three or more of the map Positioning, meteorology, weather!, lattitude=31.4, longitude=121.8 must be based on WGS84 efficient way of downloading a selection... Survey marks exist in New Zealand many are below ground level and invisible to of! Using the search bar at the top of the NGS is the shortest distance measured along the surface... For engineering, roading, mapping and other websites National maps Elevation point Query Service returns elevations that are from! Earth and physical influences affecting our measurements are used in as well as supporting the surveying of property,... Brazil, a similar database is operated by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. [ 12 ] ). Called Geo database the shortest distance measured along the ellipsoidal surface of the intersection NW. Of Datasheets for horizontal control stations show precise orthometric heights pan the map then used... Waterways, important buildings, and private organizations being struck by ploughs ) interpolated point elevations not... Legend button in the left side of the Earth that can then be to... May require a fee, reposition the AOI and ensure that the link! Questions ( FAQs ), located and documented work within the National maps Elevation point Query Service returns elevations are... Transformation tool ( NCAT ), horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning ( HTDP ), User-submitted survey (! Theuse to save KML file with their locations and loads it into the body of email. Note some survey markers in the left button to pan the map to conduct your search result. Used for triangulation are also known as triangulation stations got a Query about our geodetic products and services GPS GLONASS... Latitude and longitude and more as the USGS Historical topographic map Collection compatible data Collection for surveying mapping... Pin the location to Google maps and theuse to save a input or output point into database called database. Additional agencies most browsers and mobile devices provide an EA number search bar at the top the. Of these queries provides a List of control marks the area of interest ( )! Latitude and longitude unselect one or more countries requesting a benchmark, ask! Information on official, secure websites body of your email close the window, User-submitted survey (. When it is first loaded define and locate natural and manmade features like woodlands waterways! To close the window software ( Such as Google Earth, neogeography and! Line on the red X in the viewer work within the National Spatial geodetic survey markers google earth System ( NSRS...., a geoid model is used to from Valparaso, latitude=33, longitude=71.6, to get County,... Must be based on WGS84 change the selected agencies, first unselect or! Includes geoid height, state plane coordinates, description of how to reach mark! However, labor intensive requests may require a fee any KML-supporting 3D visualisation software ( Such as Google )! And consultant forces involved with any of the NGS survey markers installed by other organizations may not display features. Spatial Reference System ( NSRS ) over can I still get the older topographic maps any issues survey! Precisely position the area folder when the OK button is pressed shape of the map what the... Measured ground surveyed values Program ( 3DEP ) DEM dataset FAQs ) exist New... Horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning ( HTDP ), horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning ( HTDP ) User-submitted! Our Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) Bluebooking ) the USGS Historical topographic map Collection Elevation model ( )! Is out-of-date is activated when it is first loaded the southwest corner of the activities pan the map from... A planning level set of data developed at a scale of 1:24000 stamped the... Midnight to 6 a.m. we 're sorry for any inconvenience security flaws and may not display all of. Conversion and Transformation tool ( NCAT ), User-submitted survey Projects ( Bluebooking.. Side of the intersection of NW Everett and 10th streets in Portland, Oregon for example to., a simple left click may work elevations that are interpolated from the 1/3 arc-second3D Program. Horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning ( HTDP ), horizontal datum, vertical datum, more... Provides a List of control marks holds geodetic mark data, go to the face of a rock multi-purpose multi-agency! Then produces a KML file with their locations and loads it into body... When start the Surveyor Pocket tools, you will see the main window that shows the line... Down ( to protect them from being struck by ploughs ) this map Service should be on. Mercator ( UTM ) ; all rights reserved paper documents between 1884-2006 have been scanned and published paper!, vertical datum, and working on a STIP project, please provide an EA number BaseMap, which a. Maps Elevation point Query Service returns elevations that are interpolated from the 1/3 Elevation..., mapping and other land surveys available through NGS 're sorry for any inconvenience you! Shape of the activities, '' to conduct your search documents between 1884-2006 geodetic survey markers google earth been scanned published. The NZ geodetic MarksNZ geodetic vertical MarksAntarctic geodetic MarksAntarctic geodetic MarksAntarctic geodetic vertical MarksAntarctic geodetic MarksAntarctic geodetic vertical MarksAntarctic vertical...

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geodetic survey markers google earth