From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an agent that could disable enemy troops on the field of battle without killing them. Two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at Edgewood have been self-published: Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the. He said the group was told they would help test military equipment like gas masks. 3. Recent reports indicated that as many as 7,000 soldiers may have been subjected to these experiments in a top secret Cold War research program studying chemical and biological weapons. Historic images from the Naval Research Laboratory depict results of a test subject who was exposed to mustard gas. [7][8][9] A concrete result of these experiments was that BZ was weaponized, although never deployed. Erspamer said he sees a connection between Josephs Parkinsons disease and the drugs he received at Edgewood. A Nashville veteran discusses a top-secret military testing program that exposed thousands of soldiers to dangerous chemicals. From 1955 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. None of the requested materials were cleared for public release as of this writing (2016).[19]. In the midst of the Cold War, the military was concerned chemical agents could be used against U.S. soldiers. Copyright 2023 Military.com. After World War II, U.S. military researchers obtained formulas for the three nerve gases developed by the Nazistabun, soman, and sarinand conducted studies on them at the US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. The website has details about applying for medical care through this program. The documentary was produced by Zero Point Zero Production, the production company behind Anthony Bourdain's "Parts Unknown," so there's more visual flash and on-camera time for reporters than PBS viewers might expect. It was like a plum assignment, Josephs said. CNN The moment 18-year-old Army Pvt. Attention A T users. "This is not an easy, not a simple thing," Flohr says. This incapacitating agent would be dispersed by standard munitions, and the agent would enter the building through all nonprotected openings, the films narrator boasts. About 500 World War II veterans die each day, according to data maintained by the VA. "I do think there is a little bit of that attitude of: 'This is today's problem, it will be gone by tomorrow,' " Goss says. Thank you. Researchers there had recorded his full name in neat handwriting on lined paper. More than 20 years later, the VA has attempted to contact fewer than a quarter of the thousands it said it would. It is not known how many soldiers may be experiencing long-tem health problems because of their participation in the U.S. Army medical experiments at Edgewood Arsenal. In 2015, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals said the Army, and not Veterans Affairs, should provide veterans with medical care related to the testing. "For the actual test Private Zadrovney received a high dose of the incapacitating agent," the film's narrator said. After a stint at a defense company in Tennessee, Carl Gepp got a job in 1965 as an engineer working on the Honest John missile back at the Edgewood Arsenal. The founder and director of the program, Dr Van Murray Sim, was called before Congress and chastised by outraged lawmakers, who questioned the absence of follow-up care for the human volunteers. The American Legion identified limits on attorneys fees related to Camp Lejeune Justice Act claims as one of its top goals. Edgewood Chemical Activity is a chemical-weapons depot located at APG. I feel like in my heart there's a lot of guys out there that went through the same thing I did," Paul said. All rights reserved. The Edgewood Arsenal Rod and Gun Club was a club that included U.S. Army officers and Department of the Army civilian personnel stationed at the Arsenal as well as their families and guests. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. According to the lawsuit, some of the volunteers were even implanted with electrical devices in an effort to control their behaviour. However, a good history and physical examination can provide valuable information and help determine a Veterans risk of developing health problems related to the exposure. Josephs left the service when his three-year tour ended, and he began a career as a real estate agent. As a result of the testing, many of the veterans who served between two and four months at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, suffer from chronic, debilitating illnesses. But NPR interviewed veterans who met both of those requirements and have still been denied for years sometimes decades as the VA continues to request more information and proof. However, the declaration was an effective deterrent, and the Axis powers did not use . EDGEWOOD ARSENAL / MKULTRA LAWSUIT MOVES TO NEXT PHASE Claims it is unconstitutional for the VA to decide VA claims where VA itself participated in the illegal chemical and biological weapons program. One of the men who never heard from the VA was John Berzellini. These agents are still used today as antidotes to organophosphorus nerve agent poisoning, including accidental poisoning by organophosphorus pesticides. See Vietnam Veterans II, 811 F.3d at 1076-78 (discussing the Army's failure in its ongoing "duty to warn" Edgewood Arsenal volunteers under AR 70-25), 1080-81 (discussing the Army's failure in its "duty of care" to Edge-wood Arsenal volunteers under AR 70-25); see also Vi-etnam Veterans I, 2013 WL 6092031, at *2 (explaining . And in this case I'm afraid the answer is not yet. Original photo: Courtesy of Charlie Cavell, Left: U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Agency; Right: Naval Research Laboratory. And instances when she told me when the office people had to stay indoors instill all cleared. In secret chemical weapons experiments conducted during World War II, the U.S. military exposed thousands of American troops to mustard gas. CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta. ", Goss says he thinks the VA never delivered on its promises because this issue has been disappearing on its own for years. "[5] This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist, E. James Lieberman, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1962. The IOM decided in the end there wasnt enough information to reach definitive conclusions.. 2. Edgewood Arsenal Medical Experiments Compensation. This top secret Cold War research program initially looked for ways to defend against a chemical or biological attack by the Soviet Union, thought to be far ahead of the United States in psycho-chemical warfare. The document acknowledges his participation in mustard gas experiments. A lot of chemicals were referred to as agent one or agent two., Some weeks, he would undergo one test; other weeks, more, Josephs said. Then, in 1996, Bollinger received a military commendation in the mail. The letter granting him benefits made no mention of Edgewood. According to a recent report by CNN.com "From 1955 to 1975, military researchers at Edgewood were using not only animals but human subjects to test a witches' brew of drugs and chemicals. After an hour, the officer released six of the men back to their barracks. "But we have done everything that we could do, I definitely believe that.". (N.D. Cal. A classified report entitled "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War" was produced in 1949 by Luther Wilson Greene, Technical Director of the Chemical and Radiological Laboratories at Edgewood. If I go to a locked door, I panic sometimes to try to get out.". Fed the "F" up. There were instances of chemical damages to the car. All Rights Reserved. Did you encounter any technical issues? A previous version of this story misidentified Nat Schnurman's wife. Brad Flohr, a VA senior adviser for benefits, says the agency couldn't find the rest, because military records of the experiments were incomplete. Three test subjects enter a gas chamber, which will fill with mustard gas, as part of the military's secret chemical warfare testing in March 1945. [1] The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. This kind of behavior toward our veterans would not be allowed to happen, Erspamer said. It claimed "no significant health effects have been observed" in those who were tested. A deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions, actions which were punctuated by fraud, deception, and a callous disregard for the value of human life. The agents tested included chemical warfare agents and other related agents (inactive substances or placebos such as saline were used): There are no tests today that can confirm exposure to agents from decades ago. It just did not look like a military base, more like a hospital, recalled Josephs, a Pittsburgh native. I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.[2]. These experiments with mustard gas were conducted by the Army and Navy at more than a dozen locations. Dr. James Ketchum led the experiments, and we've got a clip in which he defends his methods. Congressional hearings into these experiments in 1974 and 1975 resulted in disclosures, notification of subjects as to the nature of their chemical exposures, and ultimately to compensation for a few families of subjects who had died during the experiments (NAS 1993). In his mid-50s, Josephs was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological condition that forced him to retire early. Cavell is currently being re-evaluated before the benefits can be disbursed. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. Youre going to do it. Daughter can't have kids due to this place; not to mention the other members of the family ailments. 1982-85 IOM report According to a deposition given by a former soldier involved in the program who is now deceased, it was not until men arrived at Edgewood Arsenal that they were informed that drugs would also be used in the experiments. [22], Material Testing Program EA (Edgewood Arsenal) numbers. ), Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. "I've read several of the guys say they were never the same after BZ, and they are telling the truth," Paul said. "Dr. Delirium & the Edgewood Experiments" is a new Discovery+ documentary (available on June 9, 2022) that chronicles the program and its long-term effects on the soldiers who participated in the testing. He was told never to talk about his experiences at Edgewood and to forget about everything he ever did, said or heard at the Maryland base. Kathleen Curthoys is editor of Army Times. As a result, at least one class action lawsuit has been filed against the Defense Department and Department of Veteran Affairs, with the hope of, at the very least, getting . There is no VA environmental health registry associated with Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests. The claims process has also been complicated by Department of Defense claims that it cannot find records to substantiate most of the veterans participation in the tests, causing the VA to summarily deny those claims, the lawsuit alleges. After receiving the drug, soldiers were monitored to see if they could do basic tasks like run an obstacle course. Naval Training Center in Bainbridge, Md. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual afflictions of war. hide caption. A third type of test exposed troops to gas outdoors in simulated combat settings. The personal injury attorneys at Parker Waichman LLP offer free, no-obligation case evaluations. From this point on, APG was the common identifier for both areas. As late as 2014 incomplete information due to the failure to declassify and release relevant classified documents prevented IOM from conducting adequate medical studies related to similar former US biowarfare programs. 2009), the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages. About 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations Vietnam Veterans of America, and Swords to Plowshares, and eight Edgewood veterans or their families against CIA, the U.S. Army, and other agencies. According to CNN, declassified government documents indicated the men were exposed to incapacitating drugs like BZ; or to sarin, an extremely toxic, potentially deadly substance that disrupts the nervous system; or to VX, a liquid neurotoxin considered one of the most dangerous chemicals created. hide caption. Parker Waichman LLP is offering free lawsuit evaluations to any former soldier who was subjected to medical experimentation at Edgewood Arsenal between 1955 through 1975. He believes the testing hurt him emotionally and stole part of his life. "The word got around they were looking for volunteers for testing," Paul said. The tests evaluated protective equipment like gas masks and suits. In the Army's tests, as with those of the CIA, individual rights were subordinated to national security considerations; informed consent and follow-up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests. Bicycle, Scooter, and Electric Bike Accidents, Cerebral Palsy Malpractice Injury Lawsuits, Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS) Disease Injury Lawyers, Clergy Sexual Abuse Lawyers | Priest Abuse Attorneys, Pennsylvania Sexual Abuse Lawsuit Lawyers, U.S. Army Edgewood Arsenal Medical Experiments, Bicycle, Scooter, and Electric Bike Accident, Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS) Disease Injury. Even when he talks about Edgewood, he said, I get a tightness in my chest.. According to a CNN report that aired in March 2012, from 1955 to 1975 more than 7,000 soldiers each spent two months at Edgewood Arsenal, where they were exposed to as many 250 different chemical and biological agents as part of secret medical experiments. They based that conclusion on the same information that had been sitting in his VA file for decades. "I'm glad to be talking to you about it. "And that's what I have problems with today. I can continue by saying I filed an approximately 80 page document to the veteran's administration about my claims and kept getting blown off; resubmitted, blown off. About 260 subjects were experimentally exposed to various psychochemicals including phencyclidine (PCP), and 10 related synthetic analogs of the active ingredient of cannabis (NRC 1984). An "Independent Study Course" for continuing medical education produced by the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons (October 2003),[12] presents the following summary of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments: Renewed interest led to renewed human testing by the Department of Defense (DoD), although ultimately on a much smaller scale. But instead, the military deliberately exposed them to chemical and biological agents. And when he questioned the staff about whether he was in any danger, they reassured him: There is nothing here that could ever harm you., But Josephs, 63, believes the chemical agents he received during his two-month stint at Edgewood did harm him, triggering health problems that continue to plague him four decades later. Declassified military films show soldiers being given drugs and then being monitored to see their impacts. By the early 1950s, Edgewood Arsenal, which became part of the larger complex at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, produced numerous biological agents, developed protective equipment and prophylactic treatments, and shaped US combat policy and practice.In the aftermath of WWII tensions between the US and the USSR prompted scientists, military officials, and policy advisors to increase the number of . The idea was they would test new Army field jackets, clothing, weapons and things of that nature, but no mention of drugs or chemicals.. From Edgewood, Josephs said he went to an Army installation in Georgia, where he experienced tremors so severe, he had to be admitted to the base hospital and given muscle relaxers. According to the class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), despite having actively participated in the experiments, has denied between 97% and 99% of all disability or death claims arising out of the exposures. The Maj. Richard Star Act would eliminate the dollar-for-dollar offset on retirement pay that combat-disabled vets with less Capt. The committee's understanding is that additional, and potentially relevant, material on SHAD tests exists and remains classified. "Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons", Vol. Bollinger gave up appealing VA rejections in 1994, after four years of traveling back and forth 30 miles to a VA office office in Pittsburgh. But he's haunted by what happened to him at Edgewood. "But not to get messed up," he continued. [9] The safety record of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments was also defended in the memoirs of psychiatrist and retired colonel James Ketchum, a key scientist:[18]. Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies FAQs. But the VA didn't uphold those promises, an NPR investigation has found. Harry Bollinger, 88, of Freeport, Pa., pauses as he talks about his recovery from mustard gas exposure as part of an experiment at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. [14], A significant omission from the Course summary above is the number of subjects on which BZ and related compounds were tested. But the research expanded into offensive chemical weapons, including one that could, according to one Army film obtained by CNN, deliver a veritable chemical ambush against an enemy. The process typically relies on evidence, but most of the men in these experiments have none because the tests were done in secret. . Goss was a Florida congressman when he was contacted by a group of constituents who were used as test subjects and spoke out on their behalf. The testing took place at Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland from 1955 through 1975. Others were locked in gas chambers, like Cavell. Find out if you qualify for VA health care. What's the use?" All Rights Reserved. Greene called for a search for novel psychoactive compounds that would create the same debilitating mental side effects as those produced by nerve gases, but without their lethal effect. Officials at the Pentagon tell NPR it's likely that some of the records about military mustard gas experiments were never recovered. Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments, Former sergeant seeks compensation for LSD testing at Edgewood Arsenal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgewood_Arsenal_human_experiments&oldid=1124810855, Development evaluation and test procedures, Effects of drugs and environmental stress on human physiological mechanisms, Human factors tests (ability to follow instructions), Other (visual studies, sleep deprivation, etc. "Dr. Delirium & the Edgewood Experiments" gives ample airtime to theories that Edgewood hosted Nazi scientists given asylum under the Pentagon's notorious Operation Paperclip program, but never quite manages to tie the Germans to Ketchum's experiments. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and all chemical weapons were destroyed by February 2006. To apply, eligible veterans must have: . The lawsuit detailed how the military secretly tested drugs and chemicals on thousands of soldiers including dangerous nerve gases like Sarin and incapacitating agents like LSD and BZ, that Paul called Benzene. They had detailed the length of time he spent inside a gas chamber and the level of mustard gas in the air. A lawsuit brought by a veterans' advocacy group, Vietnam Veterans of America, resulted in the requirement that the Army give medical care to eligible veterans who took part in testing that. The "Independent Study Course" cites mainly a three-volume study by the Institute of Medicine (19821985) for its data and conclusions, Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents. Harry Bollinger, 88, of Freeport, Pa., pauses as he talks about his recovery from mustard gas exposure as part of an experiment at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. "I was disgusted already. He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. Other times, he experiences numbness in his joints or or tremors. Sometimes it was an injection. Further, GAO concluded that precise information on the scope and the magnitude of tests involving human subjects was not available, and the exact number of human subjects might never be known. Cavell then submitted the documents to the VA as proof of his exposure. "I missed out on so much with my family, not being able to say, when they were little boys, you know, I love them. The chemicals were given to volunteer service members at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; Dugway Proving Ground, Utah; and Forts Benning, Bragg, and McClellan. In the mid-1970s, in the wake of many health claims made regarding exposure to the agents, the U.S. Congress began investigations of possible abuse in experiments and of inadequate informed consent given to the soldiers and civilians involved. Attorney James Hancock works with the California law firm Morrison & Foerster, which filed a class action lawsuit back in 2008 against the CIA and Department of Defense. Initially, such studies focused solely on the lethality of the gases and its treatment and prevention. "No Social Security numbers, no addresses, no way of identifying them. According to the class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), despite having actively participated in the experiments, has denied between 97% and 99% of all disability or death claims arising out of the exposures. The Edgewood Arsenal experiments took place from approximately 1952 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories, which is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense of the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. His symptoms vary from day to day. Treatment will be in addition to the comprehensive medical care that plaintiffs are entitled to receive through Veterans Affairs because of their status as veterans, the release said. Kristian Thacker for NPR The court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment concerning the notice claim: summarily adjudicating in plaintiffs' favor, finding that "the Army has an ongoing duty to warn" and ordering "the Army, through the DVA or otherwise, to provide test subjects with newly acquired information that may affect their well-being that it has learned since its original notification, now and in the future as it becomes available". She says they didn't know that he was eligible for disability benefits when he died of a heart attack in 1995. For assistance, eligible veterans may call (800) 984-8523 or go to the Army website for participants of medical research programs. Nashville veteran Dennis Paul, 79, discussed his experience in the program with NewsChannel 5 Investigates, saying he it impacted him long after he left the Army. He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. Updated Cavell and five others were told to stay put. A Government Accounting Office report of May 2004, Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel (pp. "Until we actually got into the process of being in that room and realized, wait a minute, we can't get out of here.". Please switch auto forms mode to off. 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