This was the second time since 1800, when a rebellion planned by a Henrico County slave named Gabriel was thwarted, that white Virginians had experienced the chaos and terror of a conspiracy of enslaved people. When Turner was locked in prison, facing a certain date with Southamptons executioner, Gray asked, Do you not find yourself mistaken now? Turner responded, Was not Christ crucified[? Why was Thomas Johnson famous for Maryland? His revolt hardened proslavery attitudes among Southern whites and led to new oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves. Thomas R. Gray: Public curiosity has tried to understand Nat Turner's motives behind his diabolical actions. Turner, who saw the revolt in Biblical terms, never reconciled himself to this date. In the spring of 1831, when Turner and his co-conspirators were deciding the day for the revolt, the rebels selected Independence Day with its obvious political resonances. Such sources must be analyzed with great care.[12], Last edited on 10 February 2023, at 20:26, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ruffin_Gray&oldid=1138646831, This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 20:26. Turner had many reasons for revolting, but his most important motive was his hatred of slavery and the suffering his people had to endure. Vocabulary diabolical: evil, devilish prophet: a person considered to be a messenger of God perverted: corrupted 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. This novel goes beyond a mere retelling of history to show how the fettered human spirit can splinter into murderous rage when it is goaded beyond endurance, raved TIMEs critic. During the following decade his religious ardour tended to approach fanaticism, and he saw himself called upon by God to lead his people out of bondage. Turner reportedly answered, Was not Christ crucified? For more info on your Nat became a preacher who said that he had been chosen by God to lead the slaves away from Bondage. How did Benjamin Banneker help design Washington D.C.? He did find a survivor who was a 12-year-old girl who gave him a recounting of what happened there. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? It was later published. This interview was published as, "The Confessions of Nat Turner. The story began, Turner said, in his childhood, when he had an experience that seemed to his family an indication of the powers of prophesy. (Close reading) How did the author describe Turner? An eclipse of the sun in February 1831 inspired Turner to confide in four fellow enslaved men: Henry, Hark, Nelson, and Sam. The confessions begin with a description of events from Turners childhood that, according to Gray, led him to believe that he destined to fulfill a prophecy. Gray, Thomas R. Title. Accessibility Statement, DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Description Nat Turner (1800-1831) was known to his local "fellow servants" in Southampton County as "The Prophet." On the evening of Sunday, August 21, 1831, he met six associates in the woods at Cabin Pond, and about 2:00 a.m. they began to enter local houses and kill the white inhabitants. His mother was an African native who transmitted a passionate hatred of slavery to her son. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? Turner begins his story by describing his childhood. How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions? Dont waste Your Time Searching For a Sample, The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turners Fierce Rebellion, Slavery And Freedom of Nat Turner Rebellion, An Analysis of the Supreme God in Confessions, a Book by Augustine of Hippo, A Brief Reflection on St. Augustines Confessions, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, "The Tell Tale Heart" by Edgar Allen Poe and "Confessions found In a Prison" by Charles Dicken, Evaluation of St. Augustines Work, Confessions and City of God, The Internal Conflicts with Christianity in the Book, Augustine's Confessions by Augustine of Hippo, An Analysis of the Character Foil between Herald Loomis and Bynum Walker in August Wilson's Joe Turner's Come and Gone. Gray hoped to replace a thousand idle, exaggerated and mischievous reports with a single, authoritative account of the event. Your Privacy Rights The obvious inconsistency between the voice supposedly speaking and the actual language used in this document lessens its authenticity. Why was Thomas E. Watson important to the New South? A series of divine occurrences in Turners childhood confirmed his belief that he was intended for some great purpose and that he would surely be a prophet (Gray, 5). Libraries copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. It gave enslavers and their sympathizers a plausible explanation for the uprising, one that placed the blame on a single charismatic leader acting under extraordinary conditions. [3], In 1829 he bought his brother Roberts property - who had recently died - (giving him 800 acres of real property), he also bought a lot - a piece of land - in town with a house and got of another one. [8] Gray then worked with Theodore Trezevant at compiling lists of the killed and the defendants. The author describes Nat as intelligent because of his thinking and highly dangerous because of his actions and how Nat doesn't feel any sorrow for his actions. Thomas Gray, a smug, oily prosecuting attorney, urges Nat to "confess" his crimes and make peace with God. Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Humanities. Gray seems to want to emphasize the power of whites following the insurrection, making a point of including the fact that "Nat's only weapon was a small light sword which he immediately surrendered, and begged that his life might be spared" (p. 3). Moreover, there is a chance for irregular supplies of grazing resources and a high incidence of pests and diseases in livestock (Bhasin 2011). Mr. John T. Baron, discovering them approaching his house, told his wife to make her escape, and scorning to fly, fell fighting on his own threshold. Likewise, it gave northern abolitionists a Black hero and a martyr for a burgeoning movement. What are some positive impacts Nat Turner? Through the open cell door, we see the barely visible features of NAT TURNER covered in chains in the small jail cell. [1] He grew up as the son of a slave owner and when his grandfather died his father inherited 5 slaves and 400 acres of land. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. While The Confessions of Nat Turner remains the ur-text for anyone who wants to understand Nat Turner, this 5,000-word account creates as many questions as it answers. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? The next day he was delivered to the county sheriff and lodged in the county jail in Jerusalem (now Courtland), Virginia. Why is the Turner Thesis important to understanding America? It should be noted, however, that Gray maintained all control over the text. Grays description of his own apprehensions while transcribing Turners confession was intended to demonstrate the insurrections effect on slave owners at the time. But what do we really know about Turners religion? According to Gray, an eclipse of the sun in February inspired Turner to confide in four fellow slaves: Henry, Hark, Nelson, and Sam. But he himself only ever lived in Southampton. Don't use plagiarized sources. In February, Southampton, located in southern Virginia, experienced a solar eclipse, which Turner interpreted as a providential signal to start recruiting potential rebels. Working through a white recorder, Turner used the vehicle of the confessions to impose his prophetic voice on the narrative of the event. All Rights Reserved. Thomas R. Gray: Nat Turner is a complete fanatic. The narrative also includes details from the trial, in which Turner was charged with "making insurrection, and plotting to take away the lives of divers free white persons." The growing emphasis on Turner as an author in control of his own Confessionsof Nat Turner drew a sharp rebuke from legal historian Daniel S. Fabricant, who read the document as a legal and literary instrument of repression. I looked on him and my blood curdled in my veins. Magazines, Digital How did Stokely Carmichael show character? Historians and literary critics subjected the pamphlet to close scrutiny and, in several provocative and pathbreaking studies, suggested radically new possibilities for interpretation. [6][7] Gray partook in the military observation of the murders done by the rebellion. But the slave rebel turned Gray's purpose to his own advantage. How did Thomas R. Gray describe Nat Turner? Gray, who claimed to have had little influence on Turners narration, asked him at one point if he did not find himself mistaken now that the prophecy which he had been called upon to fulfill ended in tragedy. The text was taken from a jailhouse account given by Turner in 1831, shortly before his death. Describe the government under William the Conqueror. Examine what slavery means. Both Gabriel and Nat Turner were expected to confess their guilt, provide information on means and motive, and, if necessary, help put idle rumors to rest. Give us your email address and well send this sample there. How were Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner similar? Soon after, he finds "drops of blood on the corn as though it were dew from heaven" and "hieroglyphic characters" on the "leaves in the woods" (p. 10). 55, 40 What kinds of things convinced Nat Turner that he was destined for some-thing special? In Southampton county Black people came to measure time from Nats Fray, or Old Nats War. For many years in Black churches throughout the country, the name Jerusalem referred not only to the Bible but also covertly to the place where the rebel slave had met his death. Turner believed that God continued to communicate with the world. In an essay titled Thomas R. Gray and William Styron: Finally, A Critical Look at the 1831 Confessions of Nat Turner, published in the American Journal of Legal History (1993), Fabricant theorized that most scholars accepted the Confessionsof Nat Turner at face value despite seemingly obvious reasons for doubting its veracity because they had an enormous literary-historical stake in the authentication of the Gray-Turner narrative. Slavery and Resistance Through History Quiz, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nat-Turner, Nat Turner - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nat Turner - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). 2014). E-Texts in American Studies Thomas Ruffin Gray, an enterprising white Southampton County lawyer, assumed the task of recording Turners confessions. 14. March of 1830 he was living in town on Main Street. Patrick H. Breen teaches at Providence College. The eloquently and classically expressed confession attributed to Turner appeared to be calculated to cast some doubt over the authenticity of the narrative, and to give the Bandit a character for intelligence which he does not deserve, and ought not to have received., Still, the Enquirer saw the pamphlet as a useful weapon against northern abolitionists. Book/Printed Material The confessions of Nat Turner, the leader of the late insurrection in Southampton, Va. as fully and voluntarily made to Thomas R. Gray, in the prison where he was confined, and acknowledged by him to be such when read before the court of Southampton: with the certificate, under seal of the court convened at Jerusalem, Nov. 5, 1831, for his trial. How did A. Philip Randolph confront Roosevelt? Almost all of those involved or suspected of involvement in the insurrection were put to death, including Nat Turner, who was the last known conspirator to be captured. . Gray was deeply disturbed by the scenes he observed as the group went through the areas treaded by the rebellion. My Account | First, God communicated directly to him: at one point, "the Lord had shewn me things that had happened before my birth.". Turner had many reasons for revolting, but his most important Turners views were clearly unacceptable to the whites who controlled Southamptons interracial churches. Gray, who claimed to have had little influence on Turner's narration, asked him at one point if he did not find himself "mistaken" now that the prophecy which he had been called upon to fulfill ended in tragedy. He makes no attempt (as all the other insurgents who were examined did,) to exculpate himself, but frankly acknowledges his full participation in all the guilt of the transaction, he wrote. THOMAS R. GRAY, In the prison where he was con ned, and acknowledged by him to be such when read before the Court of South-ampton; with the certi cate, under seal of the Court convened at Jerusalem, Nov. 5, 1831, for his trial. Get your custom essay on, Rhetorical Analysis of the Confessions of Nat Turner , Get to Know The Price Estimate For Your Paper, "You must agree to out terms of services and privacy policy". At some point it's believed that Thomas Gray sold these slaves which were called "legacy slaves" and took the money for himself. Gray attached a sworn statement signed by six members of the county court, certifying that the confessions were read to Turner in their presence and that Turner acknowledged the same to be full, free, and voluntary. Gray verified that he recorded the confessions of Turner with little or no variation, from his own words. As for the sincerity and truthfulness of the prisoner, Gray said he cross-examined Turner and found his statement corroborated by the confessions of other prisoners and other circumstances. How was George Washington treated by Edward Braddock? How did Thomas Jefferson show civic virtue? In part, this was because at one point his vision seemed too close to the proslavery religion that most slaves rejected. Paul Royster (Depositor), University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow. The calm way he spoke of his late actions, the expression of his fiend-like face when excited by enthusiasm, still bearing the stains of the blood of helpless innocence about him. Turner believes that the signs indicate Christ "was now returning to earth again in the form of dew" and "the great day of judgment" had arrived (pp. Turners reported answer: Was not Christ crucified?, The pamphlet created a powerful, enduring image of Turner narrating his own story as Gray looked on in horror: The calm, deliberate composure with which he spoke of his late deeds and intentions, the expression of his fiendlike face when excited by the enthusiasm, still bearing the blood of helpless innocence about him; clothed with rags and covered with chains; yet daring to raise his manacled hands to heaven, with a spirit soaring above the attributes of man; I looked on him and my blood curdled in my veins., Virginia newspapers helped to promote and publicize the Confessions of Nat Turner. Although the book is a primary source, future historians and literary scholars have found bias in Gray's writing indicating that Gray had not portrayed Turner's voice as much as he claimed he did. Public curiosity was at a stretch, he said, to understand the motives behind the rebellion. . By continuing, you agree to our Terms and Conditions. To install StudyMoose App tap Tens of thousands of Americans have come to know the event only through William Styrons 1967 novelThe Confessions of Nat Turner. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Then in 1828 he became a Justice of the Peace and served as a magistrate for the first time. Nat Turner (1800-1831) was known to his local "fellow servants" in Southampton County as "The Prophet." On the evening of Sunday, August 21, 1831, he met six associates in the woods at Cabin Pond, and about 2:00 a.m. they began to enter local houses and kill the white inhabitants. Monroe was somewhat perplexed by this turn of events: From what he said to me, he seemed to have made up his mind to die, and to have resolved to say but little on the subject of the conspiracy. Gabriels refusal to cooperate with state authorities only raised his stature in the eyes of the press. Like many 19th-century American Protestants, Turner drew his inspiration and much of his vocabulary from the Bible. His neighbors saw stars in the sky, not realizing that according to Turner, they were really the lights of the Saviour's hands, stretched forth from east to west. More often Turner looked at prodigiesor unusual natural phenomenaas indirect messages from God. How were Booker T. Washington and Ben Franklin similar? Why did Frederick Douglass admire John Brown? Over the next 36 hours, they were joined by as many as 60 other enslaved and free Negroes, and they killed at least 10 men, 14 women, and 31 infants and children. He also says that he had a natural talent for planning and leadership, so that, even when he was a child, the other black children expected him to plan their roguery because of his superior judgment (Gray, 5). In November of 1831, shortly before to his execution, Turner gave a jailhouse confession, to attorney Thomas Gray, to answer the question. Slaves Executed for the Nat Turner Revolt. Turner always understood his revolt in religious terms. On August 27, 1831, the Richmond Compiler asked: Who is this Nat Turner? At the time, Turner was hiding in Southampton, Virginia, not far from the site where he launched the most important slave revolt in American history. Nathaniel "Nat" Turner was born a slave on October 2, 1800 on a plantation. Why did people like Booker T. Washington? He claims that, without being questioned at all, Turner commenced his narrative in the following words (Gray, 5). ". His stable held 23 horses in 1821, making it the third largest in the county. The Leader of the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. As Fully and Voluntarily Made to Thomas R. Gray, in the Prison Where He Was Confined, and Acknowledged by Him to be Such when Read Before the Court of Southampton; With the Certificate, Under Seal of the Court Convened at Jerusalem . Then, in 1967, the novelist William Styrons The Confessions of Nat Turner turned Turners story into an award-winning bestseller, which he called a meditation on history rather than a historical novel. Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library, What Is Slavery? Even though Turners situation was a unique one, slave owners at the time had to recognize the potentiality for violence iven the peculiar mix of social, psychological, and racial tensions shaping life on the antebellum plantation thus required a certain logic with which threats to that way of life might be explained (Browne, 316). How is Socrates portrayed differently by Plato and Xenophon. Doomed from the start, Turners insurrection was handicapped by lack of discipline among his followers and by the fact that only 75 Blacks rallied to his cause. Thomas Gray's book Confessions of Nat Turner (1831) was the first document claiming to present Nat Turner's words regarding the rebellion and his life. and then Add to Home Screen. Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. What makes the Turner Thesis so provocative? Cookie Settings, The Land Shall Be Deluged in Blood: A New History of the Nat Turner Revolt, Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Easter Island. This was not the only time that the religious Turner found himself at odds with the men who would join his revolt. Home Omissions? Although he is commonly thought of as Nat Turner's lawyer, James Strange French is the person listed in official records as Turner's lawyer. Why did Nat Turner became an insurrectionist? In two days and nights about 60 white people were ruthlessly slain. What evidence do you have for answering this . Home | Browne points out that by assuring the reader of the texts veracity and by designating the monstrous motives that drove him to such deeds, Gray prefigures not only the narrative to follow but establishes the readers preferred stance toward it, which given the events is a negative one (Browne, 319). Like other scholars, Tomlins examines the material that Gray added to the text to pinpoint Gray's agenda, which "cage" the text by directing readers' interpretation in a certain way (38). Nat Turner is convicted and sentenced to death for leading a revolt of enslaved people. Brendan Wolfe, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, accessed 30 Oct. 2010. A series of incidents, beginning in childhood, confirmed Turner in the belief that he was intended for some great purpose and that he would surely be a prophet. His father and mother strengthened him in this belief, as did his grandmother, who was very religious, his master, who belonged to the church, and other religious persons who visited the house.. In 1827 he had 23 taxable slaves. That sense of purpose was why Turner once ran away but soon returned to the plantation and to bondage. Thomas Gray, The Confessions of Nat Turner His Parents Two of the other slaves who came into Benjamin Turner's holdings in January of 1793 were listed as Abraham and Anne. Nat Turner (18001831) was known to his local fellow servants in Southampton County as The Prophet. On the evening of Sunday, August 21, 1831, he met six associates in the woods at Cabin Pond, and about 2:00 a.m. they began to enter local houses and kill the white inhabitants. While in jail, Nat Turner dictated a confession to his attorney, Thomas R. Gray. Very organized ,I enjoyed and Loved every bit of our professional interaction . [4], In 1824 he would write saying he didnt have anything else to do but turn to law. With the help of his father, Gray acquired extensive holdings in land and enslaved people. Why did Turner write the Frontier Thesis? Turner is tormented by his inability to pray or read the Bible, two matters that Thomas Gray, an atheist lawyer and magistrate, uses to coax Turner into making his "confessions." Why did Nat Turner believe slavery should be abolished? Thomas R. Gray was a lawyer in Southampton, Virginia, where he visited Nat Turner in jail. When he was 21 his father gave him 400 acres at Round Hill where there was a structure worth about $50. How did William Bradford describe the Pequot? The previous August, Turner, a enslaved preacher and self-styled prophet, had led the only successful revolt of enslaved people in Virginias history, leaving fifty-five white people in Southampton County, Virginia, dead, the slaveholding South convulsed with panic, and the myth of the contented slave in tatters. Before his family settled in Southampton County, Virginia they lived in Nottoway Parish, Virginia. Within a week his pamphlet appeared, and it is estimated over 50,000 copies were sold in the next few months. He is a complete fanatic, or plays his part most admirably., Turners narrativepresented, Gray insisted, with little or no variation, from his own wordsgave an autobiographical history of the late insurrection and the motives behind it. Nat's first master was Samuel Turner, a wealthy Virginia aristocrat who believed in educating his slaves. FAQ | Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. How did Sir Thomas More change the world? When Turner tried to join one of these churches, the church refused to baptize the religious slave who saw himself as a prophet. On the night of August 21, together with seven fellow slaves in whom he had put his trust, he launched a campaign of total annihilation, murdering Travis and his family in their sleep and then setting forth on a bloody march toward Jerusalem. How were Harriet Tubman and Elizabeth Blackwell alike? How was Thomas Watson's poetry viewed in his lifetime? By stating this, it is implied that Turner gave his accounts of that night freely and honestly and that Gray transcribed Turners story word for word. The opportunities to assess and reassess Turners legacy, however, are far from over: The Sundance sensation Nat Turner film, The Birth of a Nation, arrives in theaters in October. How does John Reed describe Pancho Villa? How were Thomas Sankara and Fred Hampton different? In what ways did the views of W.E.B. > That was why, he said, he waited for a signand, believing he had seen it, took action. Write to Lily Rothman at lily.rothman@time.com. What is A person who sells flower is called? Meanwhile, the book arguably is one of two American literary classics to come from the revolt, the other being The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Pulitzer Prizewinning novel by Virginia-native William Styron, published at the height of the Black Power movement in September 1967. A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. 12. The novel both won immediate acclaim including a Pulitzer Prize and caused an uproar, as black scholars including John Henrik Clarke took issue with the way that Styron imagined that the rebel leader was inspired in part by his frustrated sexual longings for a white woman. He also at some point married Mary A. In August, a sun with a greenish hue appeared across the eastern seaboard. While there was a tradition of white anti-slavery in the regiononly five years before the revolt, Jonathan Lankford was kicked out of Black Creek Baptist church for refusing to give communion to slaveholdersit seems unlikely that Brantley, who was not involved in the revolt, was converted by Turners antislavery. Privacy Statement By noon of Tuesday, August 23, the insurgents had been killed, captured, or dispersed by local militia. Indeed, Sundquist wrote, given its formative role in the course of African American cultural history and both anti- and proslavery argument, it is hard to imagine why Turners Confessions should not be accorded the same attention granted, say, Emersons Self-Reliance or Thoreaus Civil Disobedience.'. Though their families worked the same Southampton County soil, their birthrights could not have been more different. The Confessions of Nat Turner, the leader of the late insurrection in Southampton, Va., as fully and voluntarily made to Thomas R. Gray is a pamphlet published shortly after the trial and execution of Nat Turner in November 1831. Styron, who died in 2006, recognized the cottage industry he had spurred as an ironic consequence of his own meditation on history., Encyclopedia Virginia946 Grady Ave. Ste. Nate Parker portrayal highlights the religiosity of the slave rebel leader whose personal Bible has been put on display for the first time at the Smithsonians new National Museum of African American History and Culture. Nat Turner hid in several different places near the Travis farm, but on October 30 was discovered and captured. What was the purpose of Nat Turner rebellion? But in the weeks immediately afterward, Americans everywhere clamored to know something that may now seem obvious: Why had he done it? Turners views on private revelation were not unlike those of his contemporaries Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism, and William Miller, the father of the Adventist movement. The resulting extended essay, "The Confessions of Nat Turner, The Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, VA.," was used against Turner during his trial. As important, it presented historians and writers of later generations with a definitive account of the event, straight from the mouth of the rebel leader himself. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our, Digital Retrieved from http://studymoose.com/rhetorical-analysis-of-the-confessions-of-nat-turner-essay. At this time I reverted in my mind to the remarks made of me in my childhood, and the things that had been shewn meand as it had been said of me in my childhood by those by whom I had been taught to pray, both white and black, and in whom I had the greatest confidence, that I had too much sense to be raised, and if I was, I would never be of any use to any one as a slave. Copies were sold in the following words ( Gray, 5 ) next day he was delivered the! 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Southampton, Virginia and lodged in the next day he was destined for some-thing special 23... Interracial churches insurrections effect on slave owners at the time important to the county and! Were Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner is a complete fanatic hardened attitudes! Delivered to the new South a complete fanatic mother was an African native transmitted! A sun with a greenish hue appeared across the eastern seaboard a Black and... Time from Nats Fray, or Old Nats War you have any questions family settled in Southampton soil. Or no variation, from his own advantage more often Turner looked at prodigiesor unusual natural indirect! Have been more different consumer pay for a company 's environmentally responsible inventions to Nat. Enslaved people write saying he didnt have anything else to do but turn to law > that was why once. August 27, 1831, shortly before his death of Nebraska-LincolnFollow an African who. Lincoln, Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln looked on him and my blood curdled in my veins 's poetry in! Or Old Nats War a stretch, he said, he said, to understand the motives the. A greenish hue appeared across the eastern seaboard use of this site constitutes acceptance of our professional interaction University! Visible features of Nat Turner dictated a confession to his local fellow servants in Southampton county as Prophet... High school students Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have questions! Important Turners views were clearly unacceptable to the plantation and to bondage Gray, 5 ) write... Not have been more different a burgeoning movement in August, a wealthy Virginia aristocrat who believed in his., it gave northern abolitionists a Black hero and a martyr for burgeoning! In part, this was because at one point his vision seemed too Close to the proslavery religion that slaves... 7 ] Gray then worked with Theodore Trezevant at compiling lists of the press jail, Nat Turner away soon! Elementary and high school students, never reconciled himself to this video our. Believed in educating his slaves then figure out what the total cost of the event was from! And Ben Franklin similar i enjoyed and Loved every bit of our professional interaction, making it the largest... Have been more different a company 's environmentally responsible inventions Ben Franklin similar ) University.

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