b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. Models aid us with doing all of this. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). 137. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. d. bipolar disorder. c. illogical thinking. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. b. cognitive-behavioral For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. Figure 2.2. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. So what do we do with this information? a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into . Maybe I am not paid weekly now. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. c. social networks. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. b. working through. Think of it as an If-Then statement. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. 143. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. I know my grandmother used to. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. b. anxiety disorders. d. frustrating the client. b. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. b. cognitive-behavioral What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. d. displacement. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? In the case of men. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? 132. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. Conditioning. 34. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. There are two main ways they can present themselves. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. b. biological. c. intellectualization. But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. d. cognitive. c. psychodynamic. c. psychodynamic. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? d. acceptance and commitment, 97. The biological model is generally well respected today but suffers a few key issues. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. Conditioning is when learning occurs. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. 63. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. 22. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. In this case, extinction continues. d. reality principle. 54. They are sexual in nature. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. You are doing your best. 110. This is an example of behavior modification using: What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? b. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). c. maintenance. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. c. transference. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). 93. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. The strategies arise from all three learning models. Hormonal imbalances. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Infants tend to do things that feel good. Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. This is called: a. fixation. 2.3.1.1. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. 100. d. classical conditioning. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? 2.2.3.3. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. b. humanistic-existential. His name is c. double-blind studies. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. c. repression. b. repression. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. We will explore a few of these factors in this section. d. psychodynamic. 18. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? a. behavior-focused b. Freud. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder?

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