For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. L141 persons who do not belong to any L141 subclade so far have the value of 11 at STR marker DYS490 a finding rare in other G categories. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. (b) Principal component analysis by hg G sub-clades: (A) M285, P20, P287, P15, L92 P16, M286, M485, P303, U1, L497, M527, M406, Page19, M287 and M377 sub-haplogroups with respect to total M201. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 12751282 (2012). Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I et al. G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. The identification of a new SNP can necessitate renaming of one or more categories. King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 588599. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29: 359365. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J et al. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . ASD0 is the average squared difference in the number of repeats between all current chromosomes of a sample and the founder haplotype, which is estimated as the median of current haplotypes. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. [12] The fourth site also from the same period is the tztal of the Italian Alps where the mummified remains of tzi the Iceman were discovered. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. suggested that: "We estimate that the geographic origin of haplogroup G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. The mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 10595022 and is a change from G to C. G-L30 (also G-PF3267, G-S126 or G-U8; G2a2b, previously G2a3) M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (2021), European Journal of Human Genetics (2020), European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) G2a2b1 so far has seldom surfaced in northern Africa or southern Asia, but represents a small percentage of the G population in the Caucasus Mountains region and in Iran. RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. Haplogroup H Nat Commun 2012; 3. de Knijff P, Kayser M, Caglia A et al. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. Keller A, Graefen A, Ball M et al. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the . In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. 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