Kilburn (left) and Williams in front of 'Baby'. The Nova line of computers continued through the 1970s, and influenced later systems like the Xerox Alto and Apple 1. The 486 chips remained similar in structure to their predecessors, the 386 chips. Beginning with the VAX-11/780, the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX family of computers rivals much more expensive mainframe computers in performance and features the ability to address over 4 GB of virtual memory, hundreds of times the capacity of most minicomputers. What is the general term for software whose source code is made available for free and permits users to use, change, and improve it? Atlas was the fastest computer in the world at the time and introduced the concept of virtual memory, that is, using a disk or drum as an extension of main memory. It used 53 vacuum tubes and hundreds of germanium diodes, with a magnetic drum for memory. Since the release of the Macintosh in 1984, Apple has placed emphasis on high-resolution graphics and display technologies. Each Cray-1 took a full year to assemble and test and cost about $10 million. Built by a team led by engineers Frederick Williams and Tom Kilburn, the Mark I serves as the prototype for Ferrantis first computer the Ferranti Mark 1. Bill Gates and Paul Allen licensed their BASIC programming language interpreter to MITS as the main language for the Altair. spreadsheet What is the function of an IEP generator? Leaving Palm Inc., Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins found Handspring. Its base price was $6,500. Chuck Peddle leads a small team of former Motorola employees to build a low-cost microprocessor. It had no operating system, but it did recognize commands entered via a row of switches. It was a commercial computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. Once finally completed, it achieved a computational speed of 200 million instructions per second and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of its parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipelining" structure of its 64 processing elements. Eventually, SABRE expanded, even making airline reservations available via on-line services such as CompuServe, Genie, and America Online. System/360 was aimed at both business and scientific customers and all models could run the same software, largely without modification. The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) is among the first stored program computers completed in the United States. A large parallel processing computer, the ILLIAC IV does not operate until 1972. Compaq licensed the MS-DOS operating system from Microsoft and legally reverse-engineered IBMs BIOS software. [3] IBM SSEC, became operational in January 1948 but was electromechanical [22] Apps, games, and accessories helped spur the popularity of the iPad and led to its adoption in thousands of different applications from movie making, creating art, making music, inventory control and point-of-sale systems, to name but a few. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. Definition. If a student is creating within Minecraft or Sims, what type of computer programming products are they designing and making? The Nest allowed for remote access to a users homes thermostat by using a smartphone or tablet and could also send monthly power consumption reports to help save on energy bills. Their first product, the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. Cameras would become a significant part of most phones within a year, and several countries have even passed laws regulating their use. They did. DSKY interface for the Apollo Guidance Computer. The First Microcomputer: Altair 8800. Promotional shot of the Compaq Deskpro 386s. A British government contract spurred its initial development but a change in government led to loss of funding and the second and only other Mark I was sold at a major loss to the University of Toronto, where it was re-christened FERUT. In 1987, the year after Microsoft went public, 31-year-old Gates became the world's youngest billionaire. What type of web-based creation is produced when a teacher has art students sketchnoting about a visiting artist's lecture? Apple gave away thousands of Apple IIs to school, giving a new generation their first access to personal computers. Running on dual IBM 7090 mainframe computer systems, SABRE was inspired by IBMs earlier work on the SAGE air-defense system. Originally a joint project with IBM and Microsoft, OS/2 is know maintained by IBM, and was a competitive product to the various MS Windows programs. IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. Term. That means if you want to get started collecting microcomputers, knowing which system to go for first can be overwhelming. The militarys high standards for its transistors pushed manufacturers to improve quality control. The PROMs What made the Sacramento State computer both so unique--and so expensive--was the programmable read-only memory on its motherboard. Graduation rates are lower in online schools. Its price was especially attractive as the computer included very useful productivity software worth about $1,500 alone. central processing unit (cpu) computers brain. What set the 486 apart was its optimized instruction set, with an on-chip unified instruction and data cache and an optional on-chip floating-point unit. More than one hundred Paragons were installed over the lifetime of the system, each costing as much as five million dollars. Intel released the 80486 microprocessor and the i860 RISC/coprocessor chip, each of which contained more than 1 million transistors. The Invention of the PC These innovations made it cheaper and easier to. In 1973, after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors. Which two kinds of software are designed primarily for use by individuals rather than by groups of students? Developed for Busicom, a Japanese calculator maker, the 4004 had 2250 transistors and could perform up to 90,000 operations per second in four-bit chunks. High packaging density of integrated circuits and a novel Freon cooling system also contributed to its speed. Customers included US military as well as industry. Which of the following is not a significant challenge in regard to assessing students who are English language learners (ELLs)? SWTPC introduces many computer kits based on the Motorola 6800, and later, the 6809. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. Sun helped cement the model of a workstation having an Ethernet interface as well as high-resolution graphics and the UNIX operating system. An early transistorized computer, the NEAC (Nippon Electric Automatic Computer) includes a CPU, console, paper tape reader and punch, printer and magnetic tape units. H. Edward Roberts, the Florida-born former U.S. Air Force officer who headed MITS, decided to design a small, affordable computer around the Intel 8080. The 1973 Wang 2200 makes it a successful computer company, too. The architecture that allowed Windows and IBM OS/2 has remained in subsequent chips. The University of Michigan Micro Mote (M3) is the smallest computer in the world at the time of its completion. The Amiga sold for $1,295 (without monitor) and had audio and video capabilities beyond those found in most other personal computers. For many business users, quick access to this huge storage capability outweighed its relatively slow processing speed. The machine was noted for its ease-of-use and included a 'manual' that contained only a few pictures and less than 20 words. Intended to be a less expensive alternative to the PET, the VIC-20 was highly successful, becoming the first computer to sell more than a million units. It also included more memory and accommodated high-density 1.2-megabyte 5 1/4-inch floppy disks. Built in Sydney, Australia by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research for use in its Radio physics Laboratory in Sydney, CSIRAC was designed by British-born Trevor Pearcey, and used unusual 12-hole paper tape. Johnniac was used for scientific and engineering calculations. Store the results for future use Hardware the electronical and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer. The machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft running the length of machine that synchronized the machines thousands of component parts and used 3,500 relays. The Moore School Building at the University of Pennsylvania. That same year in Germany, engineer Konrad Zuse built his Z2 computer, also using telephone company relays. Let us call it Simon, because of its predecessor, Simple Simon Simon is so simple and so small in fact that it could be built to fill up less space than a grocery-store box; about four cubic feet.. Built by IBM using their Blue Gene/Q supercomputer architecture, the Sequoia system is the world's fastest supercomputer in 2012. This is likely the first example of remote access computing. Using dual PowerPC 603 CPUs, and featuring a large variety of peripheral ports, the first devices were used for software development. The TV Typewriter was used by many small television stations well in the 1990s. [2] This printing programmable calculator was made from discrete transistors and an acoustic delay-line memory. It has pre-programmed curricular material. Hungarian-born von Neumann demonstrated prodigious expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, statistics, and the use of mechanical devices for computation. Many innovative programs were created for Johnniac, including the time-sharing system JOSS that allowed many users to simultaneously access the machine. What is the Internet standard for how web pages are formatted and displayed? Commodore even used Star Trek television star William Shatner in advertisements. The 470V/6 was the companys first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. The Pentium introduced several advances that made programs run faster such as the ability to execute several instructions at the same time and support for graphics and music. Rather than testing components like the SEAC, the SWAC was built using already-developed technology. The PROMs contained a disk operating system, allowing. Apple makes a splash with its Bondi Blue iMac, which sells for about $1,300. The system was kept at NASA Ames Research Center until 2013, when it was removed to make way for two new supercomputers. mainframe computer. Designed to replace the 32-bit VAX architecture, the Alpha is a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Quizlet is the only app you need to study and learn. MOS 6502 ad from IEEE Computer, Sept. 1975. During World War II, the US Navy approaches the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) about building a flight simulator to train bomber crews. Hundreds of allied bombes were built in order to determine the daily rotor start positions of Enigma cipher machines, which in turn allowed the Allies to decrypt German messages. Colligan, Dubinsky, Hawkins (left to right). Which of the following has research shown to be a benefit of online learning? most important part of computer. After successfully demonstrating a proof-of-concept prototype in 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff receives funds to build a full-scale machine at Iowa State College (now University). The PET was popular with schools and for use as a home computer. Weighing 24 pounds and costing $1,795, the Osborne 1 is the first mass-produced portable computer. Before its decommissioning in 1952, the SSEC produced the moon position tables used in early planning of the 1969 Apollo XII moon landing. The Alto is a groundbreaking computer with wide influence on the computer industry. Building a computer into the watch form factor has been attempted many times but the release of the Apple Watch leads to a new level of excitement. answer choices 20 pin P1 connector 8 pin auxiliary connector 24+4 pin P1 connector Nine of the computers, which featured dozens of advanced design innovations, were sold, mainly to national laboratories and major scientific users. The trio soon attracted UC Berkeley UNIX guru Bill Joy, who led software development. An electronic machine operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can: 1. Intel's first microprocessor, a 1/16-by-1/8-inch chip called the 4004, had the same computing power as the massive ENIAC. Wi-Fi The Alpha processor designs were eventually acquired by Compaq, which, along with Intel, phased out the Alpha architecture in favor of the HP/Itanium microprocessor. false. To protect it from earthquakes, the building housing it was built using a seismic isolation system that used rubber supports. Advertised as the first 100% IBM PC-compatible computer, the Compaq Portable can run the same software as the IBM PC. . Curt Herzstark was an Austrian engineer who worked in his familys manufacturing business until he was arrested by the Nazis in 1943. Its founders were Ken and Stan Olsen, and Harlan Anderson. It used two different microprocessors: an IBM POWER XCell L8i and AMD Opteron. The air defense system used two AN/FSQ-7 computers, each of which used a full megawatt of power to drive its 55,000 vacuum tubes, 175,000 diodes and 13,000 transistors. The VAIO line of computers would be best known for laptops were designed with communications and audio-video capabilities at the forefront, including innovative designs that incorporated TV and radio tuners, web cameras, and handwriting recognition. The world's first scanned image was made on SEAC by engineer Russell Kirsch in 1957. The IBM PC was widely copied (cloned) and led to the creation of a vast ecosystem of software, peripherals, and other commodities for use with the platform. The Video Display Module (VDM) marks the first implementation of a memory-mapped alphanumeric video display for personal computers. Headquartered in Maynard, Massachusetts, Digital Equipment Corporation, took over 8,680 square foot leased space in a nineteenth century mill that once produced blankets and uniforms for soldiers who fought in the Civil War. The ASCI Red, based on the design of the Intel Paragon, was built by IBM and delivered to Sandia National Laboratories. During the 1980s and early 1990s, ____ was the dominant operating system for microcomputers. Ed de Castro, its main designer and co-founder of Data General, had earlier led the team that created the DEC PDP-8. In 1940, Stibitz demonstrated the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College. The computer had to be rugged and fast, with advanced circuit design and reliable packaging able to withstand the forces of a missile launch. The word "computer" was first used in 1613 in the book The Yong Mans Gleanings by Richard Braithwaite and originally described a human who performed calculations or computations. b. enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. The 6502 and its progeny are still used today, usually in embedded applications. Later revisions used the Z80 processor, which is the model pictured above that [The Byte . It performed 2 million instructions per second, but other RISC-based computers worked significantly faster. The Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) project, led by IBM engineer Wallace Eckert, uses both relays and vacuum tubes to process scientific data at the rate of 50 14 x 14 digit multiplications per second. It presents an approach to the technology and the implementation prOblem, documented with information about specific transit applica-tions. Question 13. Which instructional software function would probably be the most appropriate choice for allowing students to discover rules for genetics? True/False True The most controversial changes to Windows in Windows 8 were the GUI. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. Answer (1 of 14): There's a good argument that written mathematics or music is probably the first, a pre-specified structured set of instructions intended to transport and replicate a process. ducing microcomputers to small and medium-sized transit operating agen-cies. The machine came with 256 bytes of memory (expandable to 64 KB) and an open 100-line bus structure that evolved into the S-100 standard widely used in hobbyist and personal computers of this era. 2.4 trillion. Instead of designing a custom controller, two young engineers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) -- Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro -- do something unusual: they develop a small, general purpose computer and program it to do the job. Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. Linux, NetWare, UNIX, Windows. System control was provided through the Atlas Supervisor, which some consider to be the first true operating system. The Mark-8 Do-It-Yourself kit is designed by graduate student John Titus and uses the Intel 8008 microprocessor. During three years of production, IBM sells 19 701s to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and the federal government. MITS co-founder Ed Roberts invented the Altair 8800 which sold for $297, or $395 with a case and coined the term personal computer. T/F False Storage on a mobile device is usually an SSD (Solid-state drive). Shortly after delivery of the Atari VCS game console, Atari designs two microcomputers with game capabilities: the Model 400 and Model 800. Under the leadership of MIT's Gordon Brown and Jay Forrester, the team first built a small analog simulator, but found it inaccurate and inflexible. Intel introduced the 8086 in June 1978. any combo of hardware or software designed to provide services to us. What type of integration strategy is a teacher using when his students videoconference to exchange ideas about water pollution prevention? Among the lecturers were early computer designers like John von Neumann, Howard Aiken, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, as well as mathematicians including Derrick Lehmer, George Stibitz, and Douglas Hartree. It was named after John von Neumann, a world famous mathematician and computer pioneer of the day. Apollo was a leading innovator in the workstation field for more than a decade, and was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989. True/False B. Many of the 1101s basic architectural details were used again in later Remington-Rand computers until the 1960s. a. Mac OS b. DOS (Disk Operating System) c. desktop operating system d. Linux 0 points QUESTION 2 1. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work. It was based on a graphical user interface using windows, icons, and a mouse, and worked together with other Altos over a local area network. The Librascope division of defense contractor General Precision buys Frankels design, renaming it the LGP-30 in 1956. workstations. The Pi weighed only 45 grams and initially sold for only $25-$35 U.S. . English language learners often score higher on assessments due to their increased focus in language acquisition. The fastest machine of its day, The Cray-1's speed comes partly from its shape, a "C," which reduces the length of wires and thus the time signals need to travel across them. D. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. What type of web-based creation is produced when students submit their written or artistic products to a website? This keyboard design was dubbed the Butterfly. The need for such a design was lessened as laptop screens grew wider. In all, about 200 of the boards were sold before Apple announced the follow-on Apple II a year later as a ready-to-use computer for consumers, a model which sold in the millions for nearly two decades. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. With the success of the clone, Compaq recorded first-year sales of $111 million, the most ever by an American business in a single year. Marketed as a fast, extremely accurate electronic slide rule with a solid-state memory similar to that of a computer, the HP-35 distinguished itself from its competitors by its ability to perform a broad variety of logarithmic and trigonometric functions, to store more intermediate solutions for later use, and to accept and display entries in a form similar to standard scientific notation. Many credit the PS/2 for making the 3.5-inch floppy disk drive and video graphics array (VGA) standard for IBM computers. Download now! This object-oriented multitasking operating system was groundbreaking in its ability to foster rapid development of software applications. Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes into the display and keyboard unit (DSKY). A commercial version of Alan Turing's Pilot ACE, called DEUCEthe Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine -- is used mostly for science and engineering problems and a few commercial applications. The Earth Simulator was listed as the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 to 2004. Foremost among its developments was Forresters perfection of magnetic core memory, which became the dominant form of high-speed random access memory for computers until the mid-1970s. What can both teachers and students create to make a visual record their skill development over time? "Best study app ever! Accept data (input) 2. Modeled after the Cambridge University EDSAC computer, the president of Lyons Tea Co. has the LEO built to solve the problem of production scheduling and delivery of cakes to the hundreds of Lyons tea shops around England. The typical PDP-1 computer system, which sells for about $120,000, includes a cathode ray tube graphic display, paper tape input/output, needs no air conditioning and requires only one operator; all of which become standards for minicomputers. Created almost five years after the original Apple II, Franklin's Ace 1000 main logic board is nearly identical to that in the Apple II+ computer, and other models were later cloned as well. While larger than the previous G4 towers, the G5 had comparatively limited space for expansion. effects of word processing on students' handwriting. Over 30 were completed, including one delivered to Australia. Wang was a successful calculator manufacturer, then a successful word processor company. Dubbed a Personal Data Assistant by Apple President John Scully in 1992, the Newton featured many of the features that would define handheld computers in the following decades. Total Cards. A driver education teacher might use this kind of software to let students "practice" driving before actually getting in a car. Of the dozens of different SWTP kits available, the 6800 proved the most popular. SABRE is a joint project between American Airlines and IBM. Computer Science. The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. [21] The first stored-program computers [ edit] Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria. spreadsheet program Virginia Tech used more than a thousand PowerMac G5s to create the System X cluster supercomputer, rated #3 in November of that year on the worlds TOP500 fastest computers. HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best-selling model of home computers of all time. His daughter named the new machine after the star Altair. It was developed as a versatile instrument controller for HP's growing family of programmable test and measurement products. By 2011, over 2.4 million laptops had been shipped. Compaq beats IBM to the market when it announces the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intels new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. Which software function could help students memorize the correct names of chemical elements? Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. For research, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) supplied the components, and 50 original LINCs were made. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. What is a typical classroom application for instructional games? Doug Ross wrote a memo advocating direct access in February. "We are trying to build a machine to do all kinds of different things simply by programming rather than by the addition of extra apparatus," Turing said at a symposium on large-scale digital calculating machinery in 1947 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Software Using this system, the machine could work faster than any other at the time on a problem that could be parceled out among the many processors. The 2116A is HPs first computer. . Motes are also known as smart dust, since the intention is that their tiny size and low cost make them inexpensive enough to sprinkle in the real world to as sensors. Over the next few years, the basic design of the IAS machine was copied in at least 17 places and given similar-sounding names, for example, the MANIAC at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; the ILLIAC at the University of Illinois; the Johnniac at The Rand Corporation; and the SILLIAC in Australia. The Apple Newton Personal Digital Assistant. The British Broadcasting Corporations Computer Literacy Project hoped to introduce interested adults to the world of computers. Acorn produces a popular computer, the BBC Microcomputer System, so viewers at home could follow along on their own home computers as they watched the program.

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